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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Victimization survey
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Survey asking if people have had crimes done to them
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Example of a positive function of crime
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o Increasing social solidarity
o Reinforcing social norms |
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Retribution
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An eye for an eye theory of punishment
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Broken window theory
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Theory that you should stop minor crimes to stop major ones
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Invisible knapsack
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term used to describe white privilege
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Costly rules of masculinity according to Kimmel
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Avoid feminine, focus on external success, and be aggressive
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Time when welfare state was created in Canada
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After the great depression
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Example of high status, but low economic class
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Religious leaders, parents, teachers
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Rosenhans experiment illustrates this concept
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On being san and insane places.
Our Master status overshadows all other status |
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Zimbardo prison study
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Study of situational deviance
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Example of means tested programs
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Welfare, or guaranteed income supplement
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Universal programs
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Programs that benefit everyone
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Why Marx thought class was exploitative
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Profit is created by one class and controlled by the other
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Patriarchy
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Social system in which men hold power
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Realistic conflict theory
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Prejudice comes from competition over resources
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Absolute poverty
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Deprivation of resources that is life threating
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Reasons why poverty hard cycle to escape
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• Everything related – Vicious cycle
• More expensive to be poor • Debts from family • Less social contacts |
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Sex is defined as
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Biological
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Gender is defined as
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Social expectations
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Biological determinism
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o Structure societies on male and female categories
o 2 different body types |
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Why inequality with women in work force
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• Child care and parental care
• General discrimination • Social closer—restricting women from certain jobs (historical term) |
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Feminization of an occupation
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• Occupation dominated by women
o Loses prestige o Wages go down |
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Social class
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• Hierarchical social relationship based on socioeconomic groups that reoccur over time
• Individuals economic and social position in society • Institutions reinforce these classes |
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Meritocracy
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• Rewards based on your achievement in society
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Conditions of class formation (according to Roy)
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• Economic surplus—perpetuate domination
• Caging effect – cant leave area or they will experience drop in quality of living |
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3 groups of aboriginals that Canadian constitutions recognizes
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• Inuit
• Metis • Indian |
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Royal proclamation of 1763
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• Recognized Indian nations as tribes
• Extended sovernty • Instructed colonial governments to respect Indian land |
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Result of discrimination of the first nations
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Income, health, discrimination, justice
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Assimilation of first nations through...
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• Residential schools
• Restricting cultural practices • Restricting language |
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First Nations faced...
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• Legal systems – Corporate interest favored
• Political discrimination • Commodifaction of nature • Systematic racism – restricted from jobs ect. |
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Causes of misery (Charon)
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• Social inequality
• Destructive social conflict • Alienation • Socialization |
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Why is crime normal (Durkhime)?
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• Existence of it is a sign we are evolving as a society
• Exists in all societies • Increase in social solidarity • Defining groups moral boundaries |
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Conceptions of deviance
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• Time
• society • sub culture |
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2 cultures in the code of the street
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• decent
• street |
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what is the Code of the street
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• showing you are self sustaining though violence
• gaining respect |
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Ehrenreich: Nickel and Dimed
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Low-wage work is not a solution to poverty or homelessness, but instead may cause poverty and homelessness
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Durkheim: Rules for the distinction of the normal from the pathological
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• Crime is a social construction:
o Essentialist perspective: the act is inherently criminal o constructionist perspective: no act is inherently criminal; it is only deemed a crime if it is labeled and treated as such by society, ie if it breaks a society’s rules |
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Anderson: The Code of the Streets
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• Causes of violence and crime in poor ghettos: financial stress due to low wages or unemployment, racism, drug addiction, drug trafficking, alienation, hopelessness
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Decent (code of the streets)
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mainstream, middle-class values
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Street (code of the streets)
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opposed to mainstream society
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Code of the streets
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informal rules governing interpersonal behavior & self-presentation
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juice
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Respect: right of deference earned through violence
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Essentialist perspective (roy ch 4)
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race is defined as a natural and biological phenomenon
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constructionist perspective (Roy ch 4)
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race as a socially invented phenomenon, there is no natural or genetic foundation.
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5 components of the definition of race (roy ch 4)
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1. common physical characteristics (especially skin color)
2. distinct groups: bounded categories (skin color is actually a gradient) 3. inherited through ancestry: associated with specific geographic origins, but complicated by multiplicities of ancestry: no ‘pure’ races 4. common behavioral characteristics associated with physical characteristics: association of skin color with cultural or personal traits 5. hierarchical rank relative to other racial groups: never ‘separate but equal’: concept of race invented to explain and justify inequality, defined by dominant group |
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stereotype(roy ch 4)
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traits commonly associated with a group assumed to apply to each individual member of that group
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indentured servants(roy ch 4)
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not free: binding obligation to work; could be traded / sold
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chattel slavery(roy ch 4)
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defines people as property of owners; no rights as individuals
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5 factors of the creation of race(roy ch 4)
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1. rise of capitalism: chattel slavery = commodification of people
2. egalitarian rights: concept of human rights 3. concept of ‘savage’ 4. legitimated through science: race categories assumed ‘real’ 5. enshrined and enforced by law |
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biological reductionism:(roy ch 4)
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behavioral differences explained through biological differences: environmental / cultural factors of behavior essentialized as biological
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identity(roy ch 4)
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people tend to self-identify into racial groups = perpetuates racial categories
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institutional racism(roy ch 4)
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institutional practices that perpetuate racial inequality.
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affirmative action(roy ch 4)
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preferential treatment for groups that have previously been discriminated against in order to equalized access to and representation in educational / political / economic fields
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color-blind (roy ch 4)
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argument against affirmative action: no race criteria, only merit; based on an ahistorical premise: falsely assumes level playing field, ignores history of discrimination and the social consequences thereof
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