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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nuclear family "traditional family"
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familial form consisting of father, mother and their biological children
*not timelss or a universal concept* |
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extended family
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familial networks that extend outside or beyond the home
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Endogamy
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marriage from within ones social group
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exogamy
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marriage from outside ones social group
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monogamy
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the practive of only having one partner or spouse
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polygamy
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the practice of having more than one partner or spouse at one time
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polygyny
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practice of having multiple wives simultaneously
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polyandry
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practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously
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cohabitation
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living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning
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Early modern families
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family is the site for both production and comsumption (farmers)
*minimal division of labor between sexes *children=small adults |
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kinship networks
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strings of relationships between people related by blood
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families in the industrial era
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increased family mobility-> separation from kinship networks
*families strictly site for consumption *gender division of labor *separate spheres of work and home |
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Cult of domesticity
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notion that true women hood centers on domestic responsibility and childbearing
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Post WW2 Families
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modern nuclear family idealized.
*only attainable by white middle and uper class families *real wages increased in the 1950's *divorce rate decreased *fertility boom *rampant teenage pregos *declin in womens workforce participation |
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family and work (present)
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*since 1970
*womens participation in labor force has increased *fertility rates have dropped *divorce rates have increased |
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Second shift
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womens responsibility for household and child care
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divorce
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not the majority of marriages end in
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marriage
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90% of americans
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gay and lesbian couples
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no federal recognition of same sex marriage
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civil unions
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legally recognized unions explicity intended to offer similar state provided legal rights and benefits as marriages
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domestic partnership
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legally recognized unions that guarantee only SELECT RIGHTS to same sex couples
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education
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the process through which academic social and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific are developed
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educate
socialize |
what are the two main functions of schools
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human capital
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knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable
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functional iliteracy
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inability to read or write well enough to be a functioning member of society
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innumeracy
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having insufficient mathematical skills to function in society
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hidden curriculum
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the nonacademic socialization and training that takes place in the schooling system
schools pass down values, beliefs and attitudes that are important in american society |
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coleman report
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study conducted in 1964
examined differences in achievement among schools |
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social capital
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any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others
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tracking
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a way of dividing different students into different classes by ability or future plans
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functionalist perspective
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higher education
rise in college degrees simply a matter of supply and demand |
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conflict perspective
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education=elite status
as education expanded, members of the elite had to obtain more and more educationto set themselves apart |
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credentialism
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an overemphasis on credentials for signaling social status or qualifications for a job
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affimative action
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set of policies that grant a preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population
*women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities |
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economic capital
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(money)
turtoring test-prep courses better public school districts |
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cultural capital
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cultural and social class resources that people inherit and use to their advantage in various situations
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karl marx
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which social theorist focused on historical materialism and discussed capitalism as a conflict between capitalist and workers?
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max weber
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which social theorist addressed the importance of ideas, culture, and religion and wrote a famous study titled "the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism
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emile durkheim
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which social theorist looked at how society holds together, discussed anomie, and wrote a famous study titled "suicide"
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collective action
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action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation
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crowd collective
mass collective |
2 types of collective action
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convergence theory
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collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place
*critique=doesnt explain inconsistency in collective action |
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contagion theory
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collective action arises because of the tendency of people to conform to the behaviors of others
Critique=downplays individual agency doesnt explain inconsistency in collective action |
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emergent norm theory
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emphasizes the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms
*critique=doesnt always explain why certian people emerge as leaders doesnt explain why some actions emerge as norms and others dont |
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social movements
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collective behavior that is purposeful,organized and institutionalized but not ritualized
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characteristics of social movements
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*motivated by social or political aim
*use conflict and direct action *collective identity *shared commitment to social change |
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distinguished by people whose behavior they seek to change and the extent of social change
*alterative social movements *redemptive social movements *reformative social movements *revolutionary social movements |
4 types of social movement
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classical model
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based on the concept of structural weaknesses in society that results in the psychological distruption of individuals
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resource mobilization theory
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emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge qithout the necessary resources
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political process model
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focuses on the structure of political opportunities
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3 stages of social movements
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emergence
coalescence routinization |
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emergence
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social problem being addressed is first identified
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coalescence
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resources are mobilized;concrete action is taken
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routinization
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social movement is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote cause
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social movement organizations
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a group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement
raises money, clarifies goals, and structures participation in movement |
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professional movement organization
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full time leadership staff dedicated to the movement and a large membership base that plays a minor role in organization
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participatory movement organization
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directly involves rand and file membership
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social change
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transformations in social institutions, political organizations and cultural norms across time
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causes of social change
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social movements
technological innovation emergence in new ideas conflict changes in cultural change |
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microsociology;macrosociology
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__focuses on interactions between individuals; whereas__focuses on social dynamics across a breadth of society
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Functionalism
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which sociological theory examines how various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important function to keep society running
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conflict theory
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which sociological theory examines conflict between competing interests as the basic animating force of social change and emphasizes competition no consensus
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symbolic interactionism
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which sociological theory is a micro-level theory that examines how shared meanings, orientations,and assumptions form the basic motivation behind peoples actions
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sociological imagination
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__a term coined by c.wright mills and refers to the ablility to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individuals life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical facts
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Material;nonmaterial
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__culture is everything that is part of our constructed environment;whereas__culture consist of values beliefs behaviors and social norms
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cultural relativism
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__refers to taking into account the differences across culture without passing judgement or assigning value
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consumerism
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__refers to the steady acquisition of material possessions often with the belief that happiness and fullfillment can thus be achieved
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qualitative methods
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__are methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that CANNOT be readily converted to numeric form
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quantitiative methods
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__are methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that is already in or can be easily converted to number forn
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inderpendent;dependent
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the __variable(also known as the cause) is a measured fact that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the __variable or the outcomethat the researcher is trying to explain(also known as the effect)
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sociolization
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__refers to the process by which individuals internalize the values,beliefs and norms of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society
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all were
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which of the following was NOT presented as an agent of socialization
*family *school *peers *media *all were |
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ascribed;achieved
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__status is a status into which one is born;whereas__status is a status into which one enders
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TRUE
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TRUE OR FALSE
in a dyad members are mutually dependednt, meaning if one member leaves the group will no longer exsist |
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secondary groups
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__groups are characterized as impersonal, instrumental(means to and end), contingent affiliation, and roles are more important than the individuals who fill them
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gender,sex
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__denotes a social position the set of social arragements that are built around__, the natural or biological differences that distinguish males from females
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feminism
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__refers to an intellectual, consciousness-raising movement based on the idea that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities
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social constructionism
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which theory of gender inequality examines how gender is a process in which people participate with every social interaction they have, focusing on how in "doing gender" people contribute to reaffirm and reproduce gender inequality
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sexuality
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the sociological approach to the social construction of __ examines variation in what is considered "normal" sexual behavior and different patterns through history and across cultures
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TRUE
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TRUE OR FALSE
race is a social construction, meaning race is not natural or biological |
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ethnocentrism
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the judgment of other groups by ones own standards and values
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prejudice;discrimination
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__refers to negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group; whereas__refers to harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category without regard to their individual merit
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class system
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__refers to an economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility
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income;wealth
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__refers to money recieved by a person for work or from returns on investments;whereas__ refers to a familys or individuals net worth
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FALSE
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TRUE OR FALSE
income and wealth inequality have been decreasing |
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TRUE
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TRUE OR FALSE
the US has lower poverty rates compared to other developed countries |
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Mechanical solidarity;organic solidarity
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__solidarity has social cohesion based on sameness;whereas__solidarity has social cohesion based on difference and interdependent part
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street crime;white collar crime
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__crime is commited in public and often associated with violence, gangs and poverty;whereas__crime is committed by a professional agent against a corporation, agency or other buisness
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stigma
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__refers to a negative social label that not only changes your behavior toward a person but also alters that persons own self-concepts and social identity
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FALSE
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TRUE OR FALSE
today the US has the lowest rates of incarceration than ever before in american history |
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capitalism
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__is an economic system in which property and goods are owned privatly; investments are determined by private decisions; and prices production and distribution of goods are primarily determined by competition in a free market
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sociology of science
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__is interested in the ways scientific communitites study the objects of their research;the ways science changes how we live and interact with each other, and the unexpected consequences of scientific discoveries
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sociology of the environment
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__refers to how sociologists research the effects of the social world and the natural world on each other
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medicalization
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refers to the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such
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water born diseases
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according to your textbook and lecture what is the leading killer worldwide
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authority
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refers to the justifiable right to exercise power
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