Socio Test 2

Front 1

Deviance-

Back 1

behavior, trait, belief or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction

Front 2

Structural strain theory-

Back 2

Robert King Merton's argument that, in an unequal society, the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individuals ability to meet those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals, the means, or both

Front 3

Innovators-

Back 3

individuals who accept society's approved goals, but not society's approved means to achieve theme

Front 4

Ritualist-

Back 4

individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals, but still operate according to society's approved means

Front 5

Retreatists-

Back 5

individuals who reject both society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them

Front 6

Rebels-

Back 6

individuals who reject society's approved goal and means and instead create and work toward their own goals using new means

Front 7

Differential association theory-

Back 7

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers

Front 8

Labeling theory-

Back 8

Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, which both modify the individual's self concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person

Front 9

Primary deviation-

Back 9

in labeling theory, the act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant

Front 10

Secondary deviation-

Back 10

in labeling theory, the deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant

Front 11

Tertiary deviation

Back 11

- in labeling theory, the rejection or transformation of the stigma of a deviant identity

Front 12

Self fulfilling prophecy

Back 12

- an inaccurate statement or belief which, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true

Front 13

Stigma-

Back 13

Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity, and which may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction

Front 14

In-group orientation-

Back 14

among stigmatized individuals, an orientation away from mainstream society and toward new standards that value their group identity

Front 15

Outsiders-

Back 15

according to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society

Front 16

Deviance avowal-

Back 16

process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates his or her own labeling process

Front 17

Crime-

Back 17

a violation of a norm that has been codified into law

Front 18

Uniform Crime Report-

Back 18

an official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by over 17,000 law enforcement agencies

Front 19

Violent crime-

Back 19

crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery

Front 20

Property crime-

Back 20

crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson

Front 21

White collar crime

Back 21

- crime committed by high status individual in the course of his or her occupation

Front 22

Desistance-

Back 22

the tendency of the individuals to age out of crime over the life course

Front 23

Deterrence-

Back 23

an approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes

Front 24

Retribution-

Back 24

an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal

Front 25

Incapacitation-

Back 25

an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them

Front 26

Rehabilitation -

Back 26

an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty

Front 27

Criminal justice system-

Back 27

a collection of social institution such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, which create and enforce laws

Front 28

Capital punishment-

Back 28

the death penalty

Front 29

Positive deviance-

Back 29

actions considered deviant within a given context, but which are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic

Front 30

Social stratification

Back 30

- the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy

Front 31

Social inequality-

Back 31

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society

Front 32

Slavery-

Back 32

the most extreme form of social stratification, based on the legal ownership of people

Front 33

Caste system

Back 33

- a form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed

Front 34

Apartheid-

Back 34

the system of segregation of racial and ethnic groups that was legal in South Africa between 1948 and 1991

Front 35

Social class-

Back 35

a system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth property, power, and prestige

Front 36

Socioeconomic status

Back 36

- a measure of an individual's place within a social class system; often used interchangeably with "class"

Front 37

Upper class-

Back 37

a largely self sustaining group of the wealthiest people in a class system; in the United States they comprise about 1% of the population and posses most of the wealth of the country

Front 38

Upper middle class-

Back 38

most professionals and managers, who enjoy considerable financial stability; they comprise about 14% of the US population

Front 39

Middle class-

Back 39

comprised primarily of "white collar" workers with a broad range of incomes; they comprise about 30% of the US population

Front 40

White collar-

Back 40

description characterizing workers and skilled laborers in technical and lower management jobs

Front 41

Working class/lower middle class-

Back 41

mostly "blue collar" or service industry workers who are less likely to have a college degree; they comprise about 30% of the US population

Front 42

Blue collar-

Back 42

a description of characterizing workers who perform manual labor

Front 43

Working poor-

Back 43

poorly educated workers who work full time but remain below the poverty line; comprise about 20% of the US population

Front 44

Underclass-

Back 44

the poorest Americans who are chronically unemployed and may depend on public or private assistance; they comprise about 5% of the US population

Front 45

Status inconsistency-

Back 45

a situation in which there are serious differences between the different elements of an individual's socioeconomic status

Front 46

Feudal system

Back 46

- a system of a social stratification based on a heredity nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced laborers called serfs

Front 47

Prestige

Back 47

- the social honor people are given because of their membership in well regarded social groups

Front 48

Social reproduction-

Back 48

the tendency of the social classes to remain relatively stable as social class status is passed down from one generation to the next

Front 49

Cultural capital-

Back 49

the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society

Front 50

Class consciousness-

Back 50

awareness of one's own social status and that of others

Front 51

Social mobility-

Back 51

the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes

Front 52

Closed system-

Back 52

a social system with very little opportunity to move from one class to another

Front 53

Open system-

Back 53

a social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another

Front 54

Intergenerational mobility

Back 54

- movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next

Front 55

Intragenerational mobility-

Back 55

the movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime

Front 56

Horizontal social mobility

Back 56

- the occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class

Front 57

Vertical social mobility-

Back 57

the movement between different class statuses, often called either upward mobility or downward mobility

Front 58

Structural mobility-

Back 58

changes in the social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society

Front 59

Relative deprivation-

Back 59

a relative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society

Front 60

Absolute deprivation-

Back 60

an objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care

Front 61

Culture of poverty-

Back 61

entrenched attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their lot

Front 62

Just world hypothesis

Back 62

- argues that people have a deep need to see the world as orderly, predictable, and fair, which creates a tendency to view victims of social injustice as deserving of their fates

Front 63

Residential segregation-

Back 63

the geographical separation of the poor from the rest of the population

Front 64

Disenfranchisement-

Back 64

the removal of the rights of citizenship through economic political, or legal means

Front 65

Meritocracy-

Back 65

a system in which rewards are distributed based on merit

Front 66

Simplicity movement-

Back 66

a loosely knit movement that opposes consumerism and encourages people to work less, earn less, and spend less, in accordance with non-materialistic values

Front 67

Race

Back 67

- a socially defined category, based on real or percieved biological difference between groups of people

Front 68

Ethnicity-

Back 68

a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor

Front 69

Symbolic ethnicity

Back 69

- an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life

Front 70

Situational ethnicity

Back 70

- an ethnic identity that can either be displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation

Front 71

Minority group-

Back 71

members of a social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to the dominant groups of a society, but who are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups

Front 72

Racism-

Back 72

a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality, and often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic

Front 73

Prejudice-

Back 73

an idea about the characteritics of a group that is applied to all members of that group, and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it

Front 74

Discrimination-

Back 74

unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice

Front 75

Individual discrimination-

Back 75

discrimination carried out by one person against another

Front 76

Institutional discrimination

Back 76

- discrimination carried out systematically by institutions that affect all members of a group who come into contact with it

Front 77

Passing-

Back 77

presenting yourself as a member of a different racial or ethnic group than the one you were born into

Front 78

Embodied identity-

Back 78

those elements of identity that are generated through others' perceptions of our physical traits

Front 79

Genocide-

Back 79

the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group

Front 80

Population transfer-

Back 80

the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied

Front 81

Internal colonialism

Back 81

- the economic and political domination and subjugation of the minority group by the controlling group within a nation

Front 82

Segregation-

Back 82

the formal and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity

Front 83

Assimilation

Back 83

- a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous

Front 84

Racial assimilation-

Back 84

the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage

Front 85

Cultural assimilation-

Back 85

the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture

Front 86

Pluralism/multiculturalism-

Back 86

a pattern of inter-group relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation within a society

Front 87

Sex-

Back 87

an individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories- male or female

Front 88

Gender-

Back 88

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

Front 89

Intersexed/hermaphroditic-

Back 89

term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor female

Front 90

Human sexual dimorphism-

Back 90

the extent to which inherent physical differences defines the distinctions between the two sexes

Front 91

Essentialist

Back 91

- those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin, and therefore cannot be changed

Front 92

Gender identity-

Back 92

the roles and traits that a social group assigns to a particular gender

Front 93

Constructionists-

Back 93

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many

Front 94

Patriarchy-

Back 94

male dominated society

Front 95

Instrumental role-

Back 95

the position of the family member who provides that family's material support and is often an authority figure

Front 96

Expressive role-

Back 96

the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing

Front 97

Transgendered-

Back 97

term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity is at odds with her or his physical sex, but who has not necessarily sought sex reassignment surgery

Front 98

Gender role socialization-

Back 98

the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarly through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media

Front 99

Social learning-

Back 99

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction

Front 100

Feminization of poverty-

Back 100

the economic trend showing that women are more likely to live in poverty, due to the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing cost of childcare

Front 101

Second shift-

Back 101

the unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after the day's paid labor is completed

Front 102

Feminism-

Back 102

belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief

Front 103

First wave-

Back 103

the earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from mid-19th century until American women won the right to vote in 1920

Front 104

Suffrage movement-

Back 104

the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women

Front 105

Second wave-

Back 105

the period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education

Front 106

Third wave-

Back 106

the most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity and the variety of identities women can posses

Front 107

Male liberationism-

Back 107

a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity

Front 108

Men's rights movement

Back 108

- an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men

Front 109

Pro-feminist men's movement-

Back 109

members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women

Front 110

Sexual orientation-

Back 110

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders

Front 111

Homosexuality-

Back 111

the tendency to feel sexual desire towards members of one's own gender

Front 112

Civil unions-

Back 112

proposed as an alternative to gay marriage; a form of legally recognized commitment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage

Front 113

Bisexuals

Back 113

- individuals who are sexually attracted to both genders

Front 114

Transsexuals-

Back 114

individuals who identify with the opposite sex and have surgery to alter their own se so it fits their self-image

Front 115

Asexual-

Back 115

person who has no interest in or desire for sex

Front 116

Homophobia-

Back 116

fear of or discrimination towards homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior