Socio

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includes forms of communication such as books, magazines, newspapers, other print materials

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media

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allow certain degree of independence from family and vertain figures of authority

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peers

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participates in forming identities through laws and other regulations that reinforce appropriate behavior, and help form values, and attitudes of the citizens

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government

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exerts a great influence on the views of a person, legitimizes accepted social practices, provides stability to society, and can even be sources of social change

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church

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primary agent of socialization

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family

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an institution established explicitly for the purpose of socializing people

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school

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recognizes media bias as a product of the personal views of media professionals such as journalists, broadcasters, and editors

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elite-values model

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suggests media reflects the views of the general public, and the media presents what they think the people want

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market model

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portrays media as an ideological marketplace that enhances debate and electoral choice

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pluralist model

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can be traced to links between media and the political and social elite

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dominant-ideology model

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scientific study of human societies

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sociology

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study of human social life, groups and society, that attempt to provide assessment of individual and group behavior

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sociology

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things are not always what they seem, society guides our thoughts and deeds

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seeing the strange in the familiar

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while not erasing our uniqueness as individuals, there are social forces in our lives in so many unseen, yet significant ways

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seeing the general in the particular

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where we are placed in the society profoundly affects our individual experiences

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seeing society in our everyday lives

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a sociological way of looking at the things which includes a basic orienting idea from which one's conceptualization and analysis follow

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sociological perspectives

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systematic study of the biological, cultural, and social aspects of man

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anthropology

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studies the cultural variation across different societies and examines the ness to understand each culture in its own context

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cultural anthropology

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origins of humans as well as the interplay between social factors and the processes of human evolution, adpatation, and variation overtime

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biological or physical anthropology

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studies language and discourse and how they reflect and shape different aspects of human society and culture

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linguistic anthropology

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public law deals with:

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1. organization of governments

2. limitations upon government authority

3. powers and duties of governmental offices and officers

4. obligations of one state to another

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reflects a set of ideas and assumptions regarding the nature of people and society

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sociological perspectives

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anthropology is derived from 2 greek words... meaning... and... meaning...

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anthropos meaning man

and

logos meaning study/inquiry

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science is derived from the latin word... meaning...

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scire meaning to know

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sociology is derived from 2 Latin words... meaning... and... meaning...

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socius meaning companion/associate

and

logos meaning study/inquiry

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systematic study of the state and government

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political science

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attention is focused upon the methods and techniques used in the actual management of state affairs by executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government

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public administration

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3 types of power

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1. political power

2. economic power

3. military power

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the fuel of politics

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power

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the ability to make or to influence the making of

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power

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studies how social patterns and practices and cultural variations develop across different societies

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social anthropology

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deals with prehistoric societies by studying their tools and environment

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archaeology

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political is derived from the greek word... meaning...

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polis meaning city

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father of american anthropology

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franz boas

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control of economic assets

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economic power

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founder of cultural anthropology

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edward burnett tylor

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"culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as member of society"

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edward burnett tylor

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pioneer of modern anthropology

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franz boas

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deals with the entire body of doctrines relating to the origin, form, behavior and purposes of the state

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political theory

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primitive culture (1871)

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edward burnett tylor

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control of, or influence on, the state, ability to make, or influence, political decisions

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political power

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"culture is made up of the meanings people find to make sense of their lives and to guide their actions"

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clifford geertz

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father of sociology

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auguste comte

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developed methodological cultural relativism: methods and primacy of anthropological fieldwork

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bronislaw malinowski

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"culture as a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life "

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clifford geertz

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father of functionalist school of anthropology

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bronislaw malinowski

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ability to wage wars or to compel others through intimidation or deterrence

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military power

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culture as a universal human characteristic

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alfred kroeber

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cultural relativism

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franz boas

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3 stages that every society goes through

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1. religious

2. metaphysical

3. scientific

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compared society to a living organism

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herbert spencer

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survival of the fittest

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herbert spencer

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proponent of marxism

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karl marx

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what year did auguste comte coin the term sociology

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1838

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student of franz boas

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alfred kroeber

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he believed that every society goes through 3 stages

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auguste comte

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believer in the principle of cultural relativism

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alfred kroeber

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focused on the characteristics of social groups, particularly the cohesion or non-cohesion of religious groups

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emile durkheim

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to enforce religious-based morals and norms to help maintain conformity and control in society

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social control

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it offers meaning and purpose to answer ani existential questions

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conformity

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to help maintain social solidarity through shared rituals and beliefs

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social cohesion

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wrote "communist manifesto"

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karl marx

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3 major functions in society according to emile durkheim:

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1. social cohesion

2. social control

3. conformity

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coined the term sociology to refer to the study of society

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auguste comte

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he claimed that the primary feature of the society is class conflict (the struggle between the capitalists and the proletariats)

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karl marx

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what does "communist manifesto" present

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analytical approach to class struggle

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2 types of understanding:

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1. direct observational understanding

2. empathetic understanding

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the 1st institution of higher learning in the western world

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Academy of Athens

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philosopher from Ancient Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens

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Plato

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his works dealt on the significance of subjective meanings people give to their interactions with others

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max weber

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6 stages of class struggles:

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1. primitive communism

2. slavery

3. feudalism

4. capitalism

5. socialism

6. communism

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6 oppressing class:

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1. no classes

2. slave owners

3. land owners

4. bourgeoisie

5. state manager

6. no classes

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6 oppressed class:

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1. no conflict

2. slaves

3. serfs

4. proletariat

5. workers

6. no conflict

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4 types of suicide:

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1. altruistic suicide

2. egoistic suicide

3. anomic suicide

4. fatalistic suicide

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heroes

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altruistic suicide

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loners

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egoistic suicide

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depressed

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anomic suicide

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hopeless

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fatalistic suicide

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student of socrates

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plato

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student of aristotle

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alex the great

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he defined politics as a "practical science" because it deals with making citizens happy

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aristotle

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father of modern political science

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niccolo machiavelli

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wrote "the prince"

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niccolo machiavelli

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the ends justify the means

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the prince

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best known for his State of Nature Theory

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thomas hobbes

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Social Contract

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thomas hobbes

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conceived the idea of separating government autority

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baron de motesquieu

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3 government authorities:

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1. legislative

2. executive

3. judicial

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check and balance

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baron de motesquieu

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known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

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mary wollstonecraft

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one of the trailblazing works of feminism

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mary wollstonescraft

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5 social problems:

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1. poverty

2. sex industry

3. alcoholism and drug abuse

4. crime

5. broken family

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4 characteristics of social change:

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1. happens all time

2. is sometimes intentional but often unplanned

3. is controversial

4. matther more than others

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groups of individuals sharing a common culture, geographical location, and government

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society

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"a complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and share as a member of society"

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society according to edward burnett tylor

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6 elements of society:

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1. social solidarity

2. shared identity and culture

3. common language

4. large population & the ability to sustain succeeding generations of members

5. definite geographical area

6. political, economic, & social organization

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7 major types of societies:

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1. hunting & gathering societies (foraging)

2. pastoral societies

3. horticultural soceities (slash & burn)

4. agricultural societies

5. feudal societies

6. industrial societies

7. post industrial societies

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sets of beliefs, ideas, values, practices, knowledge, history, and shared experiences

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culture

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transmitted from one generation to the next and it is taught & learned through social interaction

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culture

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2 major categories of culture:

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1. material culture

2. nonmaterial culture

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composed of the physical or tangible objects that man creates & uses

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material culture

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intangible properties and elements

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nonmaterial culture

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6 characteristics of culture:

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1. acquired

2. adaptive

3. gratifies human needs

4. shared and transmitted

5. social

6. tends towards integration

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5 vital components of culture:

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1. symbols

2. language

3. values

4. gestures

5. norms

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provide generalized standards of behavior that are expressed in more specific forms in social norms

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values

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refers to anything that represents something else and carries a particular meaning recognized by members of a culture

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gestures

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guides of human behavior that agreed upon & shared within a culture and that prescribe limits of acceptable behavior

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norms

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mandating what we should not do

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proscriptive

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stating what we should do

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prescriptive

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everyday habits, customs, traditions, amd conventions people obey

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folkways

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vital to wellbeing & most cherished values

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mores

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what is morally right or wrong

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mores

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against the law most of the time

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mores

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formalized norms enacted by people vested with legitimate authority

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laws

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the process of learning some new traits from another culture, but still retaining their own distinct culture

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acculturation

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the process in which an individual entirely loses any awareness of his/her previous group identity and takes on the culture and attitude of another group

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assimilation

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this refers to the "biological inter breeding of 2 people of distinct physical appearance until they become one stock"

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amalgamation

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the process of learning culture of one's own group

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enculturation

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refers to the tendency to assume that one's and way of life are superior to all others

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ethnocentrism

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the belief that the products, styles, or ideas of one's culture are inferior to other cultures

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xenocentrism

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refers to the viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture

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cultural relativism

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it is the process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies (clausen, 1968)

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socialization

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"human minds acquire information about the outside world through the senses, and this information molds and defines a person's awareness and view of the outside world"

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john locke

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presidents

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aguinaldo

quezon

laurel

osmena

roxas

quirino

magsaysay

garcia

macapagal

marcos

aquino

ramos

estrada

arroyo

aquino

digong