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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is an antecendent?
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An overt or covert environmental event, which is believed to act to act as a "trigger" for eliciting a specific behavior. That is, an antecedent "sets the stage" for a behavior to occur.
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Name some examples of antecendets
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task transitions, parental commands and requests, changing environments, people in the environment, over stimulation, anxiety (emotional construct) and medication changes
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define beahvior
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a specific operational definition of the problem behavior is created, such that the behavior is observable and measureable
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how can you define an operational definition?
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ask the question, "what would I see if I were in the room during "X""?
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define consequences
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environmental events which typically occur directly following the behavior in the individuals immediate surroundings, responded to the behavior?
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what are some examples of consequences?
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task avoidance, several repetitions of the request, time out from SR+, planned ignoring, loss of a priveledge, (there is ALWAYS an environmental consequence)
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what are the four characteristics of consumer behaviors?
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frequency, duration, latency and intensity
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describe event recording
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Event recording measures frequency of a behavior. It must have an easy to identify beginning and end, data must be taken during time periods of equal length, each day. NOT compliance data
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Describe duration recording
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this describes length of time.
Cumulative (total) DR: results in the total amount of time in which the behavior occured during the data collection session seperate-occurance: reslts in the number of times the behavior occured and the duration of each of the seperate occurances of the target behavior. |
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permanent product recording
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often used when it may not be possible to directly observe the behavior, and the behavior leaves a permanent product in a setting, as the result of its occurance
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momentary time sampling
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often used when it many not be possible to directly observe the individual for the entire data collection time period, observe at some period of time and will most likely be innacurate (ex: a household chore)
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what is observer bias?
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When one knows info that will bias the data collection
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what is observer drift?
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one observer got tired and drifted the definition of the target behavior (within inter observer reliability checks)
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how to calculate reliability
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reliability = a/(a+d)
called "interval-by interval" method and much more accurate! |
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name some examples of cognitions
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thoughts, images, self-statements, assumptions and attributions (the explanations or causes we give to environmental events)
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what are the three basic assumptions of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?
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1.) cognitive activity affects our overt and physiological behaviors and emotions
2.) cognitive activity can be measured 3.) cognitive activity can be modified via cognitive therapy |
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What are the areas of application for CBT?
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depression and anxiety management (mood control)
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what are the differences in core cognitive beliefs between non clinical and clinical populations?
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non-clinical= belief in the need to be cautious, belief in fairness, desire for certainty, fear of known specific threats
anxiety disorders= overestimating probability of danger, heightened sense of personal vulnerability, desire for certainty, threat-related beliefs, fear of consequences (anxiety) |
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what is "all-or-none" (polarized) thinking?
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this is where the individual only has dichotomous thinking "good or bad" "win or lose". there is no in between
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thought-action fusion
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"my thoughts lead to reality"
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"intolerance of uncertainty" thinking
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a cognitive bias that affects how a person perceives, interprets, and responds to uncertain situations
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emotional reasoning
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a person who is nervous or anxious resorts to emotional reactions to determine a course of action
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locus of control
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how much a person feels they are in control of their life/situations. internal vs. external
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Attributional Styles
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non-clinical: attributes success to internal/stable factors and failures to internal/unstable factors
Clinical: attributes success to enternal/stable or unstable factors, and failures to internal/stable factors |
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Name and describe the three attributional styles
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1.) angry attributional style- infers intentionality
2.) anxious attributional style- infers threat 3.) depressive attributional style- aka learned helplessness (infers lack of hope/victim) |
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gender differences in cognitive style
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women typically have an external locus of control, girls experience more negative life events, parent/teacher response style develops "behavioral inhibition", parents challange boys more
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what is a cognitive appraisal?
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environmental event (situational demand) alone does not lead to anxiety, but the cognitive appraisal plus the event can lead to an emotional and behavioral response
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what is a primary appraisal?
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an individuals initial contact with an environmental event followed by an immediate appraisal
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what is a secondary reappraisal?
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an individuals continued interaction with the environmental event, followed by the gathering of additional information concerning options, safety cues, etc., which then leads to additional appraisals. During this phase, self-efficacy expectations are evaluated
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The concept of self-efficacy
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an individuals belief that he/she has the skills to successfully deal with a particular situation such that he/she can influence a positive outcome surrounding this situation.
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what is heightened helplessness?
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clinical anxiety involves an inaccurate evaluation of personal coping resources, resulting in an underestimation of one's ability to deal effectively with a perceived threat
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impaired constructive/reflexive thinking
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clinical anxiety is characterized by a lack of constructive, logical, realistic problem solving and reasoning directed at initiating effective anxiety-reduction strategies
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what are the four disavantages of escape/avoidance behaviors?
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1.) prevents learning that situations are safe, not dangerous/threatening
2.) feelings of lessened anxiety reinforces escape/avoidance behavior 3.) escape/avoidance behavior increases a sense of guilt and low self-efficacy 4.) feeling of lessened anxiety increases one's sensitivity to "threat cues", which increases feelings of anxiety |