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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cross cultural, multicultural, or interculteral |
Counseling a client from a different social or cultural back ground is called.......
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culture
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refers to customs, attitudes, values, beliefs, values and language shared by a group of people
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In the US each socioeconomic group represents
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a separate culture
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Which therapists where instrumental in the early years of social psychology?
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Freud, Durkheim, McDougall
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__________ and ________would say that regardless of culture humans have an instinct to fight.
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Freud and Lorenz
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__________ ________ ________ believe that aggression is learned.
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Social learning theorists
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Daniel Levinson
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Seasons of a Man's Life, Seasons of A Woman's Life, postulated midlife crisis mid life crisis between 40-45 for men and 5 years earlier for women.
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Interpersonal attraction is enhanced by
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close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs
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contextualisim
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implies that behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.
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Carol Gilligan
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was critical of Kohlberg's theory of moral development because she felt it was more applicable to males than females.
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The Civil Rights movement
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helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement.
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Prognosis
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is the probable outcome if recovering from a condition.
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Recommendations
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are what the counselor indicates he or she must transpire from a therapeutic standpoint
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Some research shows that very poor economic conditions correlate with
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aggression
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Research shows that most clients prefer a counselor
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of the same race and similar culture background.
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Frustration -aggression theory is where a n individual is blocked and cannot reach an intended goal, thus frustration which leads to aggression. Who is associated with this theory?
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Dollard and Miller
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A popular balance theory in social psychology is __________ cognitive dissonance theory which suggests that we justify behavior to create a state of harmony between attitudes and behaviors.
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Festinger's
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Culture
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is said to be normative which provides individuals with a standard of conduct.
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Cultural norm
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describes how people are supposed to act.
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Mores
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are beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.breaking mores causes harm to others or threatens existence of the group
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Frank Parsons
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The Father of Guidance, wrote the book Chosing a Vocation
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Biological similarities and sameness
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are indicated by universal culture as identified by the Human Genome Project.
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Early vocalization in infants is ______ _______ in all cultures around the globe.
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nearly identical
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Emory Bogardus
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developed social distance scale in the 1920s which evaluated how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.
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Foot in the door technique
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suggests that if a person agrees to a lesser request, then it is more likely that you will get them to agree to a bigger request.
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National culture
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refers to an official language, stated viewpoint and central government.
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Society
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is defined by self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.
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Ethnocentrism
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uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others, one's own group is deemed superior, promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty, stability and pride....this can be a danger in the nuclear age.
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Acculturation
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ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominate culture.
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Social exchange theory
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states that a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs.
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Balance theory
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postulates a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency and a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.
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Dissonance
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"inconsistent thoughts"
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Most people believe that those who they perceive as attractive
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have other positive traits.
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Financial security and health
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are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.
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Multicultural diagnosis suggests that the diagnosis must be done
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within the cultural context, which could mean a clients behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture but disturbed and bizarre in another.
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An "Active-Directive" model
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would work will for people who respond to authority, where passivity by the counselor would be negative, homework and teaching would be appropriate.
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Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with
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cognition and attitude formation.
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Rogerian
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person centered counseling that is used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.
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Therapeutic surrender
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means the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.
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These factors are helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:
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rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.
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Assimilation Contrast Theory
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says a client will perceive similar statements as more similar (assimilation error) and dissimilar attitudes as more dissimilar (contrast error).
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Emic
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an insiders perception of the culture, each client is an individual with individual differences
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Etic
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emphasizes sameness among clients, humans are humans viewpoint
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autoplastic
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change comes from within
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alloplastic
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the client can cope by changing external factors in the environment
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personalism
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all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands.
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F.H. Allport
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social facilitation says that people perform better as part of a group.
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Sleeper Effect
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One may forget the communicator but remembers the message.
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McDougall and Ross
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introduced social psychology to America in 1908 through their books.
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Stanley Milgram
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associated with obedience and authority through electrical shock experiment
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First borns and early only children tend to
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affiliate with others according to research by Stanley Schachter.
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Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
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occurs when a person has two negative alternatives to choose from.
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
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occurs when there is a positive factor with a negative factor at the same time.
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Robber's Cave Experiment
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a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.
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Festinger's theory of Social Comparison
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people have a need to compare themselves with others to assess their own abilities and options
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Three major barriers to intercultural counseling |
culture bound values class bound values language differences |
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Term: Connotation |
applies to the emotional content of a word, which is different from the true or dictionary definition The tendency for words to convey different connotations is often referred to as "semantic differential." |
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Concept: Monolithic Perspective |
indicates that the counselor perceives all the people in a given group as being identical |
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Concept: Social Facilitation |
created by F.H. Allport, if an individual is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers, they will do better if they are part of a group |
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Term: Folkways |
describe correct, normal, or habitual behavior breaking folkways generally results in embarrassment |