Shock / Respiratory / Acid-Base Imbalances / Arterial Blood Gases / Fluid And Electrolyte Disorders

Front 1

PAD

Back 1

Peripheral Arterial Disease

Front 2

PAD risk factors

Back 2

DM (diabetes)
Smoking
HTN
Age

Front 3

PAD S/S

Back 3

Intermittent claudication
loss of subcutaneous fat, in calf muscle
muscle atrophy
Skin on lower legs thin & shiny
No hair on lower legs

Front 4

Intermittent claudication

Back 4

Pain with walking-
poor blood flow causes spasms

Front 5

Vasculitis

Back 5

inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel wall;Healing will incur scaring→loss of dilation

Front 6

Causes of vasculitis

Back 6

Direct injury, infection, SLE, Radiation

Front 7

Complications of vasculitis

Back 7

Thrombus
Emboli
Vascular collapse
death

Front 8

Reynaud disease

Back 8

a temporary spasm of small arteries and arterials.

Front 9

Reynaud disease - cause

Back 9

Unknown; occurs in fingers and sometimes toes

Front 10

Reynaud disease S/S

Back 10

Hypoxia→ pale fingers, cyanotic→rubor (local vasodilatation)
Narrow fingertips, numbness, tingling→sensory nerves not getting circulation, pain (as episode ends)

Front 11

Raynaud disease - complications

Back 11

Frequent spasm→tissue death→scaringGangreen→amputation

Front 12

Reynaud phenomenon

Back 12

Secondary process=symptoms, not disease

Front 13

Varicose veins

Back 13

large, twisted, obvious, torturous

Front 14

Varicose veins - causes

Back 14

Valvular de-compensation→distension
Pregnancy – position of baby & double the blood volume
Tight pants (in groin area-femoral)
Standing for too long
Obesity

Front 15

Valvular de-compensation

Back 15

(valve does not close/incompetent). Blood runs back down if valve above does not close

Front 16

Varicose veins - complications

Back 16

Stasis, blood pools→clotting, chronic venous insufficiency (blood does not get back to heart
Legs edematous

Front 17

Varicose veins - S/S

Back 17

Bulging, distended, blue veins

Front 18

Pressure Ulcers/bed sores/ decubitus ulcers

Back 18

Ischemic lesions that develop over bony prominence

Front 19

Bed sores - Causes

Back 19

Pressure (weight of patient) exceeds capillary pressure (25 mm)
Not getting enough blood
After 2 hours→ischemia
Immobile
Poor circulation

Front 20

Bed sores - common areas

Back 20

Tail bone/sacral, anywhere there is pressure: ankles, toes, elbows, wrist

Front 21

Bed sores - signs/symptoms

Back 21

Area first turns red (need to massage)
Difficult to heal

Front 22

Bed sores - complications

Back 22

Level of moisture→skin breaks down
Urine/fecal contamination
Nutritional status
Immobile
Poor circulation

Front 23

Compartmental Syndrome

Back 23

Increased pressure in a limited space

Front 24

Compartmental Syndrome - causes

Back 24

Snake bites, compression injury, fractures, bruising, restrictive dressings, infiltrated IV(fluid gets out of vein and into tissue)
Pressure increases and goes inward
Presses on nerves and circulatory bed
Muscle swells but fascia still intact

Front 25

Compartmental Syndrome - S/S

Back 25

Deep, Throbbing pain – greater than you expect, Ischemic, numbness, tinglingParathesias muscle weakness, flexion contractions,nerve dysfunction,thermal injuries,Skin is taut and warm, pulse is present

Front 26

Compartmental Syndrome - treatment

Back 26

Fillet, relieve pressure, keep muscle moist, after 24 hrs - sew back up

Front 27

Compartmental Syndrome - complications

Back 27

Permanent foot drop - slapping gate