Ses Ch. 18

Front 1

What are the components of soil?

Back 1

sand, clay, silk - combined with other organic materials

Front 2

Where do soil scientists believe the components of soil come from?

Back 2

sand from weathered quartz
silk from deposited sediment
clay from weathered feldspar

Front 3

What is another name for a soil scientist?

Back 3

pedologist

Front 4

What are the layers of soil called?

Back 4

horizons

Front 5

Which layer of soil has the most humus?

Back 5

A-horizon or topsoil

Front 6

State three ways the landmasses of the earth degenerate

Back 6

weathering
mass wasting
erosion

Front 7

What are the two types of weathering?

Back 7

chemical and mechanical

Front 8

How are chemical and mechanical weathering different?

Back 8

Chemical weathering involves changing the chemical make-up and mechanical weathering involves the breaking down of large rocks.

Front 9

How much does water expand when it freezes?

Back 9

9%

Front 10

What factors can influence the rate of chemical weathering?

Back 10

the kind of mineral the rock is made of, the climate, the temperature, moisture and the amount of exposure

Front 11

How does the expansion of water when it freezes affect the weathering of rock and soils?

Back 11

it breaks the rocks into smaller pieces

Front 12

What is the accumulation of rock debris at the base of a cliff called?

Back 12

talus

Front 13

What type of weathering produces talus (the accumulation of rock debris at the base of a cliff)?

Back 13

mechanical weathering

Front 14

True/False - weathering reduces the orderliness of the materials in the original rock

Back 14

true

Front 15

What are some evidences that soils do not require thousands of years to form?

Back 15

scientists can prove that this can form in just a few years

Front 16

True/False - The newly created soil in the Garden of Eden must have contained A-, B-, and C- horizons over the bedrock.

Back 16

False - the first soils were not produced by weathering

Front 17

What is the downhill movement of large masses of soil or rock under the influence of gravity called?

Back 17

mass wasting

Front 18

What factors can lead to the earth movement known as mass wasting (downhill movement of large masses of soil or rock under the influence of gravity)?

Back 18

the slope of the land, the vegetation of the area, and the presence of water

Front 19

What kind of evidence indicates that creep is occurring?

Back 19

slanted fence posts, leaning stone walls, tilted telephone poles, and ripples in sod

Front 20

What are two ways to prevent damage to a building due to creep?

Back 20

anchor a building in bedrock so that the creeping soil "flows" around the building; build a retaining wall

Front 21

What is rapid mass wasting that involves detatched pieces of bedrock called?

Back 21

rockslide

Front 22

list three kinds of debris slides

Back 22

earth flow, mud flow, and avalanche

Front 23

What is one common cause of debris slides?

Back 23

earthquakes

Front 24

True/False - Rock glaciers occur only in areas where the soil remains frozen most of the year.

Back 24

True

Front 25

What is the rate of drop of a stream called?

Back 25

gradient

Front 26

How does this characteristic (gradient) affect the amount of sediment a stream can carry?

Back 26

faster, more turbulent,

Front 27

What is the ultimate base level for most streams?

Back 27

sea level

Front 28

Can a stream flow below this ultimate base level (sea level)?

Back 28

yes, because they are flowing

Front 29

What are smaller streams that flow into larger streams called?

Back 29

tributaries

Front 30

What are streams that result from the subdivision of a larger stream called?

Back 30

??

Front 31

What is the main difference in energy contained in high-gradient and low-gradient streams?

Back 31

it has more energy because it is flowing faster

Front 32

What is a looping bend in the path of a low-gradient stream called?

Back 32

meander

Front 33

What often occurs to the bends (meander) with time?

Back 33

often cuts off meanders forming an oxbow

Front 34

What form of erosion occurs when wate dissolves minerals and removes them from the soil?

Back 34

solution erosion

Front 35

Compare alluvial fans with deltas

Back 35

alluvial fans are created when a high gradient flows on a level plain; deltas are built from topsoil eroded farther upstream

Front 36

True/False - From the North American continental divide in the U.S., streams flow west into the Pacific Ocean or Gulf of California, or east to the Gulf of Mexico or the Atlantic Ocean

Back 36

True

Front 37

True/False - Evolutionists believe the Grand Canyon was formed slowly by erosion over millions of years, but Creationists believe it formed quickly as the waters flowed off the continent after Noah's flood or as a result of a great inland lake emptying some years after the flood.

Back 37

True