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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
receptors and transduction are part of which nervous system |
peripheral |
|
sensationa nd perception are part of which nervous system |
central |
|
stimulus--> ______ --> afferent path -->_________ |
sensor or receptor ; afferent path |
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special sensory receptors |
smell taste vision balance hearing |
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somtatic sensory receptors |
skeletal muscles joints skin surgaces |
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visceral sensory receptors |
internal organs cardiovascular respiratory digestive urinary reproductive systems |
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three things sensory systems do |
transduction sensation perception |
|
convert forms of energy into elecrical signals |
transduction |
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location of sensory receptors |
peripheral end of afferent neuron |
|
"adequate stimulus" |
senstivity |
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receptors quickly adapt to contstant stimuli |
radidly adapting |
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type of rapidly adapting receptors |
olfactory and tactile |
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receptors slowly adapt to constant stimuli |
slowly adapting |
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examples of slowly adapting receptors |
nociceptors and muscle stretch receptors, joint proprioceptors |
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the smaller the receptive feild, the better able to |
localize the response |
|
activation of one or more receptive feilds |
two point discrimination test |
|
sensitive to distortion of cell membrane |
mechanoreceptors |
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stetching can open or close ion channels activating _____ receptors |
mechano |
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receptors involved with touch pressure and vibration |
tactile |
|
degree of distortion |
pressure |
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type of mechanorecptor involed with pressure of lung digestive tract bladder wall etc |
baroreceptor |
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mechanoreceptor sense of body position |
proprioceptors |
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monitor skeletal muscle length |
muscle spindles |
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monitor skeletal muscle tension |
golgi tendon organs |
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detect pressure tension and movement |
joint receptors |
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which receptors have free nerve endings |
thermo/noci |
|
receptors for heat |
32-45C |
|
receptors for cold |
14 to 33C |
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cold receptors are _____ mediated causing ______ |
ca2+ K+ causes hyperpolarization |
|
excessive temps --> damage---> ______ |
niciception |
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special senses |
audition/balance, gustatory, olfactory, vision |
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contains receptors for conversion of sound waves into nerve impulses |
cochlea |
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necessary for sense of equilibrium |
vestibular aparatus |
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depends on frequency of air waves |
pitch of sound |
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depends on amplitude of air waves |
intensity |
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determined by which ear is stimulated first |
localization of sound |
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percieve lower tones |
hairs farther down basilar membrane |
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farther down the basilar membrane is toward the |
apex |
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deafness that involves external or middle ear |
conductive |
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sound waves transmitted to inner ear but not transduced into nerve signals |
sensorineural deafness |
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age-related sensorineural hearing loss |
presbycusis |
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age effects what type of frequencies more |
high |
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young adults lose ability to hear above |
15 or 16 khz |
|
what system are the mechanoreceptors in semicircular canals and vestibule of inner ear |
vestibular system |
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sense the position of the head and maintain posture when motionless |
static equilibrium |
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prevent loss of balance during rapid head or body movement |
dynamic equilibrium |
|
hair cells of the vestibular system are covered in |
a gelatin like fluid |
|
calcium carbonate crystls on top of gelatin like fliud in vestibular system |
otoliths |
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receptors in joints and muscles =________ input |
proprioceptive input |
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receptors in semicircular canals and otolith organs = _________ input |
vestibular |
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sensation of spinning |
vertigo |
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oscillating eye movements |
nystagmus |
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symptoms of vertigo |
nystagmus, anability to walk, tinnitus if severe |
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less severe cases of vertigo may be from |
build up of calcium in the semicircular canals of the inner ear |
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treatment for vertio |
exercises that move head around to help Ca debris move away from hair cells |
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help with respiratory control and thirst control |
chemoreceptors |
|
receptors on the taste buds respond to a variety of |
chemicals disolved in saliva |
|
where are the receptors located that distinquish different smells |
olfactory bulb |
|
olfactory receptors in nose are specialized endings of |
renewable afferent neurons |
|
types of cells in olfactory mucosa |
olfactory receptor, supporting, basal |
|
receptor cel that afferent axon traverses into brain |
olfactory receptor cell |
|
mucosa cell that secretes mucus |
supporting cell |
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precursors of new olfactory receptor cells |
basal cells |
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how often are basal cells replaced |
every 2 months |
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causes of loss of smell |
age, repeated inflammation (allergies smoking), trauma at frontal lobe or prefrontal cortex |
|
deterioration of olfactory neurons in nasal cavity |
anosmia |
|
olfactory hallucinations |
cacosmia |
|
can be caused by tumors or seizures at olfactory cortex |
cacosmnia |
|
opening through which fluids in mouth come into contact with surface of receptor cells |
taste pore |
|
taste bud consists of |
taste pore and taste receptor cell |
|
modified epithelial cells with surface folds called microvilli |
taste receptor cell |
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taste receptor cell lifespan |
10 days |
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salty receptor activation opens |
na channels |
|
sour receptor activation closes |
k channels |
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sweet receptor activation activates |
g proteins eventually closing k channels |
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bitter receptor activation activates |
g proteins and intracellular ca stores |
|
taste is influenced by stimulation of |
thermo and mechano receptors |
|
interaction of taste sensors allow |
more variety of taste sensation |
|
damage to CN 9 |
loss of bitter taste |
|
damage to CN 7 |
loss of sour sweet and salty taste |
|
causes of dysguesia |
age, trauma, smoking, medications |
|
inner lining of the eyeball |
retina |
|
area on the retina where light is focused |
fovea |
|
lots of cones located in the |
fovea |
|
respond selectively to various wavelengths of light |
cones |
|
make color vision possible |
cones ( red blue gree) |
|
provide vision only in shades of gray |
rod |
|
has lots of rhodopsin |
rods |
|
concentrated in fovea |
cones |
|
lots of photopigment |
rods |
|
rapid response to light |
cones |
|
in photoreceptors current is sustained by |
the na k atpase |
|
light absorbed by photopigment and causes the cell to break down |
cGMP |
|
shutting na channels in photoreceptors causes |
hyperpolarization |
|
photoreceptors synapse with |
bipolar and horizontal cells |
|
cells that aid in helping determine contrast and brightness |
bipolar and horizontal cells |
|
horizontal cells synapse |
ganglion cells (m and P) |
|
what makes the optic nerve |
horizonal cells synapse with ganglion cells |
|
carry the visual input to other parts of the brain and eventually the occipital cortex |
horizonal cells synapse with ganglion cells |
|
normally due to photoreceptor absence |
color blindness |
|
most common type of color blindness |
red/green |
|
have 3 photopigments but only from 2 groups |
anomalous trichromacy |
|
2 red photopigments ( most common) |
deuteranomalous |
|
missing one group of photopigments` |
dichromacy |
|
alterations in refraction |
myopia hyperopia astigmatism |
|
cornea is misshapped |
astigmatism |
|
nearsighted |
myopia |
|
increase in near point focus |
presbyopia |
|
alterations in accomodation |
presbyopia |
|
change in strength and shape of lense in order to focus on subject |
accommodation |
|
accomplshed by action of ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments |
accomodation |
|
age related reduction in accommodation ability |
presbyopia |
|
in hyperopia lasik makes the cornea more |
curved |
|
visual disfunction that is a developmental abnormality |
strabismus |
|
caused by metabolic changes and nutrient transport causing denaturation of lens protein |
cataracts |
|
common in the elderly diabetic and those exposed to excess uv light |
catacts |
|
increased glare, blurred vision, alterations in color perception |
cataracts |
|
increased intraocular pressure due to blocked aqueaous humor flow through eye |
glaucoma |
|
eye drops to reestablish aqueas flow |
glaucoma |
|
surgical opening of the tracebulea |
glaucoma |
|
light sensing cells in the macula malfuction and overtime cease to work |
AMD |
|
loss of central vision |
AMD |
|
alterations in comliment factor genes increase risk of |
AMD |
|
ansler grid test |
AMD |
|
motor commands withen ______ division |
efferent |
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lobe controlling motor function |
frontal |
|
precentral gyrus and contralateral muscle control |
primary motor cortex |
|
panning motor movements |
premotor cortex |
|
important in responding to environmental stimuli |
premotor cortex |
|
basal nuclei includes |
the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus , subthalamic nuclei, and substantia nigria |
|
relay almost all motor output to the body |
basal nuclei |
|
helps coordinate motor movementq |
cerebellum |
|
deliver motor instructions from the brain to the spinal cord |
descending motor pathways |
|
two groups of motor pathways |
pyramidal and extrapyramidal |
|
corticospinal paths |
pyramidal motor pathways |
|
located in the primary motor cortex |
upper motor neurons |
|
located in either a nucleus of the brainstem or ventral horn of spinal cord |
lower motor neurons |
|
three divisions of corticospinal pathway |
corticobulbar tract, LCST, ACST
|
|
skeletal muscles of the face, jaw |
corticobulbar tract |
|
decussate at the medullary pyramids |
LCST |
|
85% of CS |
LCST |
|
synapse on alpha motor neurons |
LCST |
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decussate at the spinal cord |
ACST |
|
extrapyramidal motor pathways are ____ pathways and ____ pathways |
medial and lateral |
|
primarily control proximal limb and medial muscles of neck and trink |
medial pathways |
|
three divisions of medial pathways |
vestibulospinal tracts tectospinal tract reticulospinal tract |
|
CN8 and balance |
vestibulospinal tract |
|
move head quickley, sup and inf colluculos |
tectum |
|
retic form and reflex control |
reticulospinal tract |
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extrapyramidal secondary control of muscle tone and movement |
lateral pathway |
|
main pathway of extrapyramidal motor pathways |
rubrospinal tract |
|
control of upper limb movement |
rubrospinal tract |
|
what dampens thalamic excitation of cortical nerves |
inhibitory inputs into the thalamus from the basal ganglia |
|
maintenance of muscle tone and gait |
cerebellum |
|
recieves sensory and motor input and coordinates and integrates |
cerebellum |
|
autosomal dominant disorder on chromosome 4 |
huntingtons disease |
|
excessive _____ repeats in dna lead to huntingin protein accumulation |
cag |