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144 Cards in this Set
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The major dependent variable used in the visual search method is a. brightness level. b. color. c. attention span. d. reaction time. |
d. reaction time. |
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Which of the following best describes the steps of the perceptual process? a. The steps are unidirectional, starting at the environmental stimulus and ending at perception. b. The sequence of steps is dynamic and constantly changing. c. The steps are unidirectional, starting at transduction and ending at recognition. d. The steps are unidirectional, starting at the environmental stimulus and ending at knowledge. |
b. The sequence of steps is dynamic and constantly changing. |
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Which of the following methods are used to measure the quantitative relationship between the stimulus and perception? a. recognition b. description c. classical psychophysical methods d. the phenomenological method |
c. classical psychophysical methods |
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“Perceiving machines” that can negotiate the environment with humanlike ease a. were developed by computer scientists in the 1960s. b. have yet to be developed. c. were developed by computer scientists in the 1990s. d. were developed by computer scientists in the 1970s. |
b. have yet to be developed. |
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Fechner’s psychophysical methods a. were developed in the early 1960s. b. showed that mental activity cannot be measured quantitatively. c. are currently used to test a person’s hearing and vision. d. are important from a historical perspective, but are no longer used in contemporary research. |
c. are currently used to test a person’s hearing and vision. |
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The theory that accounts for response criterion in a detection experiment is a. evolutionary theory b. gateway theory. c. balance theory. d. signal detection theory. |
d. signal detection theory. |
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Response __________ in a magnitude estimation experiment when doubling the stimulus intensity LESS than doubles the subjective magnitude of the stimulus. a. regression b. accretion c. compression d. expansion |
c. compression |
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To double the perceived brightness of a light, you need to multiply the physical intensity of the light by about 9. This is an example of response a. expansion. b. compression. c. inversion. d. linearity. |
b. compression. |
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Which of the following is an application of perception research? a. Treating hearing problems. b. Developing speech recognition systems. c. Devising robots that can “see.” d. All of these. |
d. All of these. |
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Receptor neurons are responsible for ? a. categorization. b. transduction c. recognition. d. perceptual construction. |
transduction |
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As stimulus intensity is increased, recording from a single neuron shows ? a. the rate of firing of the nerve fiber increases. b. the amplitude of the action potential increases. c. the amplitude of the action potential decreases. d. the amplitude of the action potential may increase or decrease, depending on the stimulus. |
a. the rate of firing of the nerve fiber increases. |
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The visual pigment molecules are contained in the ? a. axons of the rods b. outer segments of the visual receptors. c. inner segments of the visual receptors. d. axons of the cones. |
b. outer segments of the visual receptors. |
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The Purkinje shift a. is when details that are easily seen in well-lit conditions become more difficult to see in low-light conditions. b. is when blues appear brighter than reds in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions. c. demonstrates the importance of eye movements in visual pigment regeneration. d. is when reds appear brighter than blues in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions. |
d. is when reds appear brighter than blues in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions. |
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The difficulty of reading under dim light conditions can be explained by a. the increased acuity of cones under low light conditions. b. the increased sensitivity of cones under low light conditions. c. the fact that cone functioning predominates during dark adaptation, therefore poor acuity. d. the fact that rod functioning predominates during dark adaptation, therefore poor acuity. |
d. the fact that rod functioning predominates during dark adaptation, therefore poor acuity. |
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Our perception of the environment depends on a. the properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system. b. none of these are true. c. both the properties of the environmental objects and properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system. d. the properties of the objects in the environment. |
c. both the properties of the environmental objects and properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system. |
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The difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the nerve fiber when the nerve is at rest is _____ mV. a. 0 b. –10 c. –70 d. +19 |
c. –70 |
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The flow of ions that create the action potential are caused by the changes in the ______ of the nerve fiber. a. assimilation b. suppression c. accommodation d. permeability |
d. permeability |
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Rushton demonstrated that the physiological mechanism behind dark adaptation is a. photon remission. b. modular organization. c. the enzyme cascade. d. visual pigment regeneration. |
d. visual pigment regeneration. |
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The upper limit of a neuron’s firing rate is estimated to be ____ impulses per second. a. 100 b. 4400 c. 20 d. 800 |
d. 800 |
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The _____ analogy is used to describe the relationship of neurotransmitters with receptor sites. a. “needle in a haystack” b. “rolling stone” c. “lock and key” d. “stadium wave” |
c. “lock and key” |
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A receptor array in the Limulus is connected by the lateral plexus. Receptor “A” is located 5 receptors to the left of Receptor “B.” What stimulation will result in the greatest firing rate recorded from “A”? a. stimulate A with 5 units of illumination and stimulate B with 20 units b. stimulate A with 10 units of illumination c. stimulate A with 10 units of illumination and stimulate B with 20 units d. stimulate A with 10 units of illumination and stimulate B with 10 units |
b. stimulate A with 10 units of illumination |
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In Hermann’s grid, gray areas appear at the intersections because a. moving the eye creates a blur at all the intersections. b. the amount of inhibition right at the intersections is much less than the inhibition between each square. c. the amount of inhibition right at the intersections is twice as great as the inhibition between each square. d. the superior colliculus responds maximally as you move your eye from intersection to intersection. |
c. the amount of inhibition right at the intersections is twice as great as the inhibition between each square. |
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The different types of cortical cells are also called a. inhibitory cells. b. direct circuits. c. signal detectors. d. feature detectors. |
d. feature detectors. |
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The flow of information in the LGN is best described as a. unidirectional, with signals going from the LGN to the cortex. b. unidirectional, with signals going from the LGN to the retina. c. bi-directional, with signals coming from the retina and the cortex to the LGN. d. unidirectional, with signals going from the retina to the LGN. |
c. bi-directional, with signals coming from the retina and the cortex to the LGN. |
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o measure _________, the experimenter decreases the intensity difference between the light bars and the dark bars until an observer can just barely detect the difference between the dark bars and the light bars. a. Mach bands b. contrast threshold c. phase continuity d. brightness constancy |
b. contrast threshold |
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Which of the following proposed representational systems is the least likely to actually be in place in the human visual system? a. Specificity coding b. Distributed coding c. Representation by a small number of neurons d. Sparse coding |
a. Specificity coding |
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Selective rearing refers to a. genetically manipulating the organism in the first month after birth. b. raising an organism in an environment that only contains certain types of stimuli. c. presenting an array of stimuli to the organism in the first month after birth. d. genetically manipulating the organism pre-natally. |
b. raising an organism in an environment that only contains certain types of stimuli. |
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The gray intersections in the Hermann Grid a. are physically present. b. are best explained by feature detectors. c. are explained by dark adaptation. d. support the claim that “perception is not the same as the physical stimulus.” |
d. support the claim that “perception is not the same as the physical stimulus.” |
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In Mach bands, the darker area sends _____ lateral inhibition to the lighter area than the lighter area sends to the darker area. a. no b. the same amount of c. less d. more |
c. less |
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hen a kitten is reared in an environment of just horizontal lines, the kitten wouldSelect one: a. have cortical cells that respond to horizontal lines, but none to vertical lines. b. pay attention only to vertical lines. c. have cortical cells that only respond to vertical lines. d. pay attention only to horizontal lines. |
a. have cortical cells that respond to horizontal lines, but none to vertical lines. |
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Myopia |
nearsightedness |
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Presbyopia |
"old sight" -- loss of near vision due to insufficient accommodation |
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Hyperopia |
farsightedness |
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Laser-assisted in situ keratomileuis (LASIK) |
A process in which the cornea is sculpted with a laser in order to achieve clear vision by adjusting the focusing power of the cornea so it focuses light onto the retina |
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Dark adaptation |
Visual adaptation that occurs in the dark, dur- ing which the sensitivity to light increases. This increase in sensitivity is associated with regeneration of the rod and cone visual pigments. |
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Cones |
Cone-shaped receptors in the retina that are primarily re- sponsible for vision in high levels of illumination and for color vision and detail vision |
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Blind spot |
The small area where the optic nerve leaves the back of the eye. There are no visual receptors in this area, so small images falling directly on the blind spot cannot be seen |
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Visible light |
The band of electromagnetic energy that activates the visual system and that, therefore, can be perceived. For humans, visible light has wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers |
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Rod |
Rod-shaped receptor in the retina primarily responsiblefor vision at low levels of illumination. The rod system is extremely sensitive in the dark but cannot resolve fine details |
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Contrast threshold |
The intensity difference that can just barely be seen between two areas. This is often measured using grat- ings with alternating light and dark bars |
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Bottom-up processing |
initiated by the stimulus input -Sensation - Data driven |
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Top-down processing |
initiated by prior expectation or belief-perception-knowledge driven |
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When is top-down processing most important?• |
Top-Down processing is most important when:-We have strong expectations -The situation is familiar -The stimulus information is weak or ambiguous |
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When is bottom-up processing most important?• |
Bottom-Up processing is most important when: -The situation is unfamiliar(We have no relevant knowledge) -The stimulus is clear and unambiguous |
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Absolute Threshold |
- Minimum amount of stimulus energy that a neuron can detect - Degree of energy needed to correctly identify stimulus 50% of the time (accuracy) |
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Signal Detection Theory |
- Attempting to make a decision about a stimuli under ambiguous circumstances |
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What do rods detect? |
brightness |
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What do cones detect? |
colors, there are blue, green, and red detecting cones. (need a well lit situation) |
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What is psychophysics? |
relationship between physical environment into a mental perception |
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What is perception? |
-the translation of physical environment into a useful pattern of neural activity that can be used by the brain to guide behavior -interpret signals to see actual features actually objects -conscience experience of the worl |
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Visual agnosia |
-Caused by a tumor -limited by perceptual system -can't recognize what they are seeing |
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Purkinje effect |
is the tendency for the peak luminance sensitivity of the human eye to shift toward the blue end of the color spectrum at low illumination levels. |
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Neurons in the ________ respond to complex stimuli, but not simple stimuli such as straightlines. a.LGN b.Striate cortex c.IT cortex d.Retina |
c.IT cortex |
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The dorsal pathway goes to the _______ lobe. |
parietal lobe |
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Visible light is between _____ and ____ nm within the electromagnetic spectrum. |
400; 700 |
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The blind spot is located |
where the optic nerve meets the eye |
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LASIK surgery is used to treat _______ by cutting a small flap in the _________. |
myopia; cornea |
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Which brain structure is responsible for creating perceptions and producing other “high” level functions such as language, memory, and thinking? a.Occipital lobe b.Cerebral cortex c.Brain stem d.Hypothalamus |
b.Cerebral cortex |
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Which of the following is a reason for studying perception? a.To become more aware of your own perceptual experiences. b.To provide information that may help with a future career. c.To apply perception to everyday problems, such as highway sign visibility. d.All of these. |
d.All of these. |
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What method is used to measure the quantitative relationship between the stimulus and perception? |
classical psychophysical methods |
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The rate of firing of the postsynaptic neuron depends on the amount of ______ input it receives from the presynaptic neuron. a. excitation b.inhibition c.equalization d.both 1 & 2 |
d.both 1 & 2 |
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Which of the following is true about the difference between the rods and the cones? a. The rods are packed in an area called the fovea, and the cones are found more in the peripheral retina. b.The rods control vision in high illumination conditions, and the cones control vision in low illumination conditions. c.There are about 120 million rods in the human eye and about 5 million cones. d.The only difference between the rods and the cones is physical shape. |
c.There are about 120 million rods in the human eye and about 5 million cones. |
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How much is an action potential ? ( what is the normal threshold ) |
+40 nm |
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_________ refers to the fact that the response properties of neurons can be shaped by an animal’s or person’s perceptual experience. ( cat example in class ) |
Neural plasticity |
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As we travel farther from the retina, neurons fire to a.more complex stimuli. b.less complex stimuli. c.more intense stimuli. d.less intense stimuli. |
a.more complex stimuli. |
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The flow of information from the ___ to the ____ is the greatest amount of information flow. |
cortex; LGN |
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To measure _________, the experimenter decreases the intensity difference between the light bars and the dark bars until an observer can just barely detect the difference between the dark bars and the light bars. |
contrast threshold |
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Contrast threshold are higher or lower for infants? |
higher |
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high sensativity means ? |
high/ better perception |
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end stop cells |
respond to corners |
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Demetri is a participant in an auditory detection study using the method of constant stimuli. He never detects the 10 unit tone. He detects the 20 unit tone 25% of the trials. He detects the 30 unit tone 50% of the trials. He detects the 40 unit tone 80% of the trials. He detects the 50 unit tone 95% of the trials. His threshold for hearing tones would be taken as theSelect one: a. 20 unit tone. b. 55 unit tone. c. 30 unit tone. d. 15 unit tone. |
d. 15 unit tone. |
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The “S” in the Weber fraction stands for:Select one: a. synapse b. standard stimulus c. sensation d. somatic |
b. standard stimulus |
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The human response to electric shock demonstrates response expansion. This is important because Select one: a. it can explain why people will receive shocks from other people. b. it results in a high pain threshold. c. we tend to withdraw even from weak shocks. d. it can explain why people will give shocks to other people. |
c. we tend to withdraw even from weak shocks. |
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response expansion : |
as intensity increases, perceptual magnitude increases more than intensity more than >1.0 |
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reponse compression : |
perceived magnitude is smaller than the increase in stimulus intensity less than < 1.0 |
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recognition: |
placing an object in a category |
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Oblique effect : |
better vision for verticle and horizontal compared to slanted |
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The Classical psychophysical method is used to measure the relationship between ? |
stimuli and perception |
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Searching for a friend in a crowd is an example of ? |
visual search |
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Reaction time: |
time between when you are presented with the stilumus and when the observer responds |
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A soup company wants to develop a “reduced-salt” version of their traditional minestrone. Which of the following would be the best first step to take? Select one: a. measure the amount of “cross-talk” using the method of adjustment b. determine the absolute threshold for taste using the method of limits c. determine the Weber’s fraction for salty taste d. find taste-testers who have agnosia |
c. determine the Weber’s fraction for salty taste |
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Using Weber’s Law, if the DL for a 100 gram weight standard is 2 grams, then the DL when using a 200 gram standard would be ____ grams. Select one: a. 2 b. 0.02 c. 4 d. 50 |
c. 4 |
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Which of the following is NOT a category of the stages in the perceptual process? Select one: a. Electricity b. Tranfiguration c. Stimulus d. Knowledge |
b. Tranfiguration |
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The three major parts of a neuron are Select one: a. axon, nerve fiber, and receptor. b. receptor, dendrites, and conductor. c. dendrites, cell body, and axon. d. receptor, transmitter, and median. |
c. dendrites, cell body, and axon. |
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The structure of the eye that provides about 80% of the eye’s focusing power is the Select one: a. cornea. b. pupil. c. lens. d. iris. |
a. cornea. |
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Reading the eye chart in an optometrist’s office is used to measure Select one: a. sensitivity. b. receptive fields. c. creativity. d. acuity. |
d. acuity. |
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Lorelei’s mother is 60 years old. Because of the condition called ______, the closest distance at which she can focus an object is probably about ____ cm. Select one: a. cataracts; 40 b. presbyopia; 100 c. cataracts; 20 d. dermabrasion; 150 |
b. presbyopia; 100 |
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Neurons in the LGN have __________ receptive fields. Select one: a. ambiguous b. side-by-side columnar c. ill-defined d. center-surround |
d. center-surround |
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An advantage of ___________coding of visual object representation is that a large number of stimuli can be signaled by a few neurons. a. specificity b. distributed c. extrastriate d. retinal |
b. distributed |
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Graphing the response of a simple cortical cell results in the Select one: a. orientation tuning curve. b. response expansion curve. c. motion-directive sensitivity function. d. response compression curve. |
a. orientation tuning curve. |
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A stimulus that contains alternating black and white bars is called a Select one: a. Moire pattern. b. grid. c. Boolean array. d. grating. |
d. grating. |
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The Nobel Prize winners who conducted the pioneering research on the physiology of striate cortex neurons were Select one: a. Hubel and Wiesel. b. Libby and Rizzutto. c. White and Benary. d. Mathers and Marshall |
a. Hubel and Wiesel. |
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Neural synapse : |
Where communication for neurons happen |
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In a detection experiment, Randy says “yes” to 90% of the trials, and Perry says “yes” to 70% of the trials. Our best conclusion from this study isSelect one: a. Randy’s threshold is higher than Perry’s. b. Randy and Perry are equally sensitive. c. Perry is more sensitive than Randy. d. response criterion may be different for Randy and Perry. |
d. response criterion may be different for Randy and Perry. |
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The first step in the procedure for ____________ is to present the participant a “standard stimulus” and assign a numerical value to that stimulus.Select one: a. the method of limits b. magnitude estimation c. the method of adjustment d. the method of constant stimuli |
b. magnitude estimation |
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_______ reacts to light to start the process of transduction.Select one: a. Thyric acid b. Choroid c. Opsin d. Retinal |
d. Retinal |
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Light can be described in terms of wavelength, or as consisting of small packets of energy called Select one: a. pulsars. b. ions. c. electrons. d. photons. |
d. photons. |
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The peak in the spectral sensitivity curve is about _____ for the rods, and about _____ for the cones.Select one: a. 500 nm; 560 nm b. 450 nm; 800 nm c. 700 nm; 400 nm d. 600 nm; 450 nm |
a. 500 nm; 560 nm |
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Convergence results in _________ sensitivity and _______ acuity.Select one: a. increased; increased b. decreased; increased c. increased; decreased d. decreased; decreased |
c. increased; decreased |
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At the beginning of the action potential, _____ ions flow from outside the nerve fiber into the nerve fiber.Select one: a. positive sodium b. negative sodium c. negative potassium d. positive potassium |
a. positive sodium |
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There are ____different types of cone receptors, each with different absorption spectra.Select one: a. 4 b. 1 million c. 3 d. 1 billion |
c. 3 |
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The distance at which the lens can no longer bring a close object into focus is called theSelect one: a. near point. b. high point. c. too close point. d. far point. |
a. near point. |
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“Grandmother cells” are mostly closely associated with _______ coding.Select one: a. distributed b. invasive c. olfactory d. specificity |
d. specificity |
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“How do physiological responses transform into perceptual experiences?” summarizes theSelect one: a. NCC-1701 lettering problem. b. NC state problem. c. hard problem of consciousness. d. easy problem of consciousness. |
c. hard problem of consciousness. |
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An advantage of ___________coding of visual object representation is that a large number of stimuli can be signaled by a few neurons.Select one: a. specificity b. extrastriate c. distributed d. retinal |
c. distributed |
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Unlike simple cells, complex cells respond best toSelect one: a. small spots of light. b. stationary spots of light. c. stationary lines of any orientation. d. moving stimuli. |
d. moving stimuli. |
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critical period: |
a maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism during which the nervous system is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli. |
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Blakemore and Cooper paper (1970): |
Brain development is clearly affected by early experiences and environmental factors rather than just genetics and there is clear evidence of brain plasticity – ‘the visual experience of these animals had modified their brain’ and therefore has serious perceptual consequences. The kittens’ visual cortex adjusts during development as a result of its visual experiences. |
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lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN): |
is a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. It receives a major sensory input from the retina. The LGN is the main central connection for the optic nerve to the occipital lobe. |
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action potential : |
point at which the neuron fires, transmitting information to another neuron. |
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receptive field: |
a region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron. |
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Selective Adaptation: |
refers to the tendency to give a diminished response when faced with sustained stimuli. |
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Sentation begins when .... |
receptors respond to basic features or properties of stimulus |
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perception occurs when..... |
brain has organized and interpreted the sentations |
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True or False You can perceive without recognizing. |
True (ex: man who mistook his wife for a hat) |
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Wheel of fortune is an example of..... a. Bottom up processing b. Top-down processing c. both |
c. both |
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physiological approach measures the relationships between.... |
stimulus-physiology & physiology and perception |
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Description and recognition is an example of a. Qualitative measure b. Quantitative measure |
a. Qualitative measure |
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The phenomenological method is also known as..... |
description |
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Decteting stimuli, perceiving magnitude, and searching are all examples of a. Qualitative measure b. Quantitative measure |
b. Quantitative measure |
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Method of limits, adjustment, and stimuli are all ways to determine....... |
threshold |
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Electric Shock is an example of a. response expansion b. response compression c. reaction time d. response criterion |
a. response expansion |
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Brightness is an example of a. response expansion b. response compression c. reaction time d. response criterion |
b. response compression |
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As difficulty increases the reaction time __________. a. Increases b. Stays the same c. decreases |
a. Increases |
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True or False Humans evolved color vision to help them distiguish between what was food and what was not food. |
true |
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what is the firing rate ? |
500 to 800 impulses per sec |
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Fovea contains only a. Rods b.Visual cortex c. Retina d. Cones |
d. Cones |
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Dark adaptation happens in a. Rods b. Visual cortex c. Cones d. Rods and Cones |
d. Rods and Cones |
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In Dark adaptation Cones adapt..... ( slow or quickly) |
quickly |
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In Dark adaptation Rods adapt..... ( slow or quickly) |
slow |
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Low threshold means ________ sensitivity a. high b. low c. No sensitivity |
a. high |
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Rods are more sensative at |
500 nm |
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Cones are more sensative at |
560 nm |
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Excitatory transmitters allows for the neurons to become more a. negative b. positive |
b. positive |
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Inhibitory transmitters allows for the neurons to become more a. negative b. positive |
a. negative |
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convergent circuit : |
each neuron receives input from multiple of other neurons |
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simple circuit: |
each nueron receives input from a single neuron |
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The Receptive field does not effect neurons firing rate ( True or False ) |
False; it does effect the firing rate |
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Feature dectectors : |
neurons that fire to specific features of stimulus |
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Simple cortical cells : |
respond to edges and lines |
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Complex cortical cells: |
respond to movement |
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Not being able to smell perfume after a while of spraying it is an example of ..... |
selective adaptation |
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Neuroplasticity: |
Brain changing its self according to experience |
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Neuroplasticity is higher in... a. Adults b. Cats c. Children d. None of the above |
c. Children |
