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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following is the study of how the natural world works, how our environment affects us, and how we affect our environment? |
environmental science |
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Which renewable resource can be depleted if it is overused? |
water |
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The triple bottom line seeks to combine____. c) environmentalism, fundamentalism, and liberalism d) environmental protection, socialism, and liberalism e) none of these answers |
environmental protection, economic well-being, and social equality |
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A(n) ________ is best defined as one who considers the impacts on the whole ecosystem, both the living and non-living, when considering an action. A) biocentrist B) ecocentrist C) anthropocentrist D) ethnocentrist E) relativist |
ecocentrist |
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Environmental problems whose dimensions include differential exposure to risk from toxic wastes and air pollution or lack of access to the natural beauty of parks based on ethnicity or race are issues of ________. A) environmental justice B) ecocentrism C) anthropocentrism D) moral relativism E) paradigm shifts |
environmental justice |
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Sustainable development ________. A) ensures an economy that will decline over time B) means consuming resources without compromising future availability C) is impossible to accomplish D) is beyond our current technology and attitudes E) is possible given our increased use of fertilizers and technology for agriculture |
means consuming resources without compromising future availability |
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Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource? A) coal B) crude oil C) wave energy D) minerals and natural gas E) all of these answers |
wave energy |
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Who is credited for articulating the conservation ethic and for founding the U.S. Forest Service? A) Theodore Roosevelt B) John Muir C) Ralph Waldo Emerson D) Gifford Pinchot E) Aldo Leopold |
Gifford Pinchot |
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A paradigm ________. A) is a group of several hypotheses that can be tested together B) is a dominant world view in science C) can only come from qualitative data D) is synonymous with the scientific method E) is a means of evaluating scientific hypotheses |
is a dominant world view in science |
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If an experiment fails to disprove a hypothesis, then ___________. A) it becomes a theory B) scientists will automatically believe it C) it is proven D) this lends support to the hypothesis but does not prove it is correct E) the experiment was set up incorrectly |
this lends support to the hypothesis but does not prove it is correct |
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In scientific research, the strongest form of evidence comes from ___________. A) guessing B) observation C) experimentation D) hypotheses E) conclusions |
experimentation |
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A(n) ______ expresses environmental impact in terms of the cumulative area of land and water required to provide the resources a person consumes. A) overshoot B) ecological footprint C) hypothesis-driven science D) renewable resource E) none of these answers |
ecological footprint |
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The trophic level of "producers" includes __. a) Any organism using oxygen for respiration b) Any organism producing biomass directly from photosynthesis c) Heterotrophs and autotrophs d) Heterotrophs only e) The sum of both living and dead biomass in an ecosystem |
Any organism producing biomass directly from photosynthesis |
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According to the first law of thermodynamics, the total amount of energy in the universe___. a) Remains constant b) Is constantly decreasing c) Is list to entropy d) Is constantly increasing e) Remains a mystery |
Remains constant |
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In a ___ feedback loop, output that results from a system acts as input that moves the system in the other direction. a) Positive b) Random c) Negative d) System approach e) Successful |
Negative |
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The process of ___ generates the oxygen that we breathe and the food that we eat. a) Cellular respiration b) Digestion c) Photosynthesis d) Chemosynthesis e) Moving
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Photosynthesis |
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___ is defined as the number of protons plus the number of neutrons. a) Mass number b) Ionic number c) Atomic number d) Isotopic number e) Nuclear number |
Mass number |
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The greatest source of water in the hydrological cycle is ___. a) The atmosphere b) Oceans c) Precipitation d) Ground water e) Soil water |
Oceans |
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The greatest human impact on the carbon cycle has been through ___. a) Use of synthetic fertilizers b) Mining of limestone (calcium carbonate) c) Combustion of fossil fuels d) Depletion of aquifers e) Increased respiration of the exponentially growing human population |
Combustion of fossil fuels |
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River water held behind a dam is best described as a form of ___. a) Kinetic energy b) Potential energy c) Chemical energy d) Entropy e) Thermodynamics |
Potential energy |
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An element associated with the most organic compounds is ___. a) Carbon b) Protons c) Nitrogen d) Gold e) Iron |
Carbon |
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Which of the following macromolecules fuels almost all living cells? a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) RNA d) DNA e) c-DNA |
Carbohydrates |
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Various types of ___ pollinate 73% of our crops. a) Crickets b) Ants c) Hummingbirds d) Bees e) Moths |
Bees |
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Which terrestrial biome has the most biodiversity? a) Temperate deciduous forest b) Prairie c) Tropical rainforest d) Temperate rainforest e) Boreal forest |
Tropical rainforest |
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___ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars. a) Producers b) Primary consumers c) Secondary consumers d) Detritivores e) Heterotrophs |
Producers |
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Which of the following are most likely to be keystone species in an ecosystem? a) Producers b) Large-bodies, higher level consumers c) Small-bodied, primary consumers d) Symbionts e) Detritivores
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Large-bodies, higher level consumers |
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High population density can ___. a) Hinder organisms from finding mates b) Decrease biodiversity within a species c) Decrease competition d) Decrease the use of resources e) Increase the incidence of disease transmission and food scarcity
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Increase the incidence of disease transmission and food scarcity |
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Extinction is a(n) ___ process; humans activity can affect the ___ at which extinction occurs. a) Unnatural; location b) Unnatural; time c) Natural; rate d) Natural; migration level e) Unnatural; speed |
Natural; rate |
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Endemic species ___. a) Are generalist organisms b) Cause disease c) Are invasive species that cause extinction d) Have high rates of mutations that lead to large numbers of offspring species e) Are found only in one place on the planet |
Are found only in one place on the planet |
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The fossil record clearly shows that ___. a) Several different species can hybridize to produce a single new species b) Large complex organisms evolve long before simple c) Nearly all species that have existed in the past still exist today d) All species evolve from pre-existing species e) New species appear suddenly and fully differentiated, without an ancestral species |
All species evolve from pre-existing species |
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Many moths, beetles and flies closely resemble bees and wasps but cannot sting. This is ___. a) Mimicry b) Interspecific competition c) Cryptic coloration d) A tactic commonly used by predators to catch prey e) The result of the interbreeding of different species |
Mimicry |
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Which of the following represents the proper hierarchy for ecological organization (from smallest to broadest)? a) Organism - community - population - biosphere - ecosystem b) Organism - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere c) Species - organism - population - community - biosphere - ecosystem d) Species - population - community - biosphere - ecosystem e) None of these answers |
Organism - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere |
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An international treaty that aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions is the ___________. A) The Kyoto Protocol B) The Montreal Protocol C) NAFTA D) customary law E) The United States Doctrine |
The Kyoto Protocol |
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A tax break is a common form of economic policy tool called a _____. A) command-and-control policy B) green tax C) sin tax D) subsidy E) none of these answers |
subsidy |
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The primary role of the United Nations is to ________. A) maintain international environmental education standards B) develop international business cooperatives C) make international laws regarding commerce and the environment D) regulate international travel, emigration and immigration among member states E) cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems |
cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems |
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Which of the following requires those responsible for pollution to cover the cost of repairing the damage? A) the polluter-pays principle B) the judiciary C) international law D) the maquiladoras E) all of these answers |
the polluter-pays principle |
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An environmental impact statement is required ________. A) before Congress can pass any law B) for any federal action that may affect U.S. environmental quality C) for implementation of any program funded by the World Bank D) only by executive order E) to be put to voters on every local ballot if federal action may affect local environments |
for any federal action that may affect U.S. environmental quality |
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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________. A) was signed into law by Bill Clinton B) requires compensation to be given to anyone harmed by deliberate pollution from any business or corporate entity C) altered the amount of chemicals allowed in water as a result of industrial pollution D) put all federal land under stringent environmental protection E) required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government |
required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government |
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Which of the following is a true statement about the relationship between state and federal laws? A) If state and federal laws conflict with each other, state laws take precedence. B) States do not form their own laws, but rather use federal laws at all times. C) If state and federal laws conflict with each other, federal laws take precedence. D) States can force change in federal laws. E) State and federal laws are the same. |
If state and federal laws conflict with each other, federal laws take precedence. |
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The first national park in the world was ________. A) Yosemite B) Grand Canyon C) Glacier National Park D) Death Valley E) none of these answers |
none of these answers |
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Cap and Trade is a system that ________. A) allows industries to set their own levels for pollution emission so trading can continue B) has been repealed by Congress as useless in diminishing pollution C) specifies a certain cap on industrial pollutants that can be traded to other nations D) permits industries that pollute under the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute over the cap E) rapidly brings pollution emissions to near zero for participating industries |
permits industries that pollute under the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute over the cap |
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_____ consist(s) of a formal set of general plans and principles intended to address problems and guide decision making. A) Policy B) Free riders C) "The Tragedy of the Commons" D) The United Nations E) The United States |
Policy |
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Demography focuses on _______. A) the relationship between population ecology and population changes B) the relationship between population and war C) the study of viruses D) the interactions between living and nonliving members of an ecosystem E) male to female ratios in a population |
the relationship between population ecology and population changes |
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Which of the following is not one of the world's top five most populous nations? A) Vietnam B) United States C) Indonesia D) Brazil E) India |
Vietnam |
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The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years for human use of natural resources are ________. A) increasing and unsustainable B) decreasing and sustainable C) steady state - no change D) from unsustainable to sustainable E) rapidly increasing, moving from unsustainable to sustainable |
increasing and unsustainable |
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When birth rates decline, what happens to the average age of the population? A) The average age of the population grows older. B) The average age of the population grows younger. C) The population shifts towards females. D) The number of producers in the ecosystem decreases. E) The number of consumers in the ecosystem decreases. |
The average age of the population grows older. |
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Higher/lower death rates and higher/lower infant mortality rates are due in large part to technological advances, improved sanitation, and better medical care in developed countries. A) higher; higher B) lower; lower C) lower; higher D) higher; lower E) All of these answers |
lower; lower |
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In 1798, Thomas Malthus argued _______. A) if there was no control over population growth, then the population would come under check because of war, disease, and starvation B) if there was no control over population growth, then our population numbers would increase indefinitely and we would be fine C) even if populations increased, an increase in food supply would mitigate the effects of infant mortality rates. D) if there was no control over population growth, then our civilization would be consumed by famine and war by the end of the 20th century E) population growth is exponential |
if there was no control over population growth, then the population would come under check because of war, disease, and starvation |
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Which of the following statements about growth rate and population size is true? A) Growth rate and population size are not related. B) If the growth rate remains steady, population size will continue to increase by greater increments with each generation. C) When the growth rate decreases, population size will increase by greater increments with each successive generation. D) When the growth rate increases steadily, population size decreases steadily. E) none of these answers |
If the growth rate remains steady, population size will continue to increase by greater increments with each generation. |
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The demographic transition model occurs in stages. Which of the follow best describes the industrial stage? A) a surge in population growth B) High birth rates and high death rates. C) low birth and death rates and the population tends to stabilize D) Population growth would initially surge, followed by a drop in population growth. E) low population growth |
Population growth would initially surge, followed by a drop in population growth. |
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Areas with the least dense human populations are in ________. A) desert, tundra and rainforest B) temperate areas C) Europe D) Mexico E) the suburbs |
desert, tundra and rainforest |
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Increasing levels of literacy among women is shown to ________. A) lower TFR B) raise TFR C) decrease the use of contraception D) have no effect on TFR or contraceptive use E) result in having children at a younger age |
lower TFR |
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The process of soil quality declining in productivity is called ________. A) soil degradation B) rangeland C) weathering D) Erosion E) wetlands ren at a younger age
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soil degradation |
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Which of the following is a living museum of genetic crop diversity? A) Food security B) Green Revolution C) seed banks D) Biofuels E) U-pick strawberries |
seed banks |
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The lesson learned by the Schroeder brothers on their Iowa farm was ________. A) crop yields are much lower using polyculture B) soil erosion and nutrient losses are lower with no-till agriculture C) plowing in the winter increases soil fertility and crop yield D) global climate change is producing desertification in Iowa E) removing all weeds is essential for highest crop yields |
soil erosion and nutrient losses are lower with no-till agriculture |
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What has been the trend in crop diversity over the past century? A) Because of monoculture, crop diversity is non-existent and wild-type species have been reduced to only a few varieties. B) We have lost a lot of genetic diversity in plants. In the U.S., fruit and vegetable crops have decreased in diversity by 90% in less than one century. C) The term diversity does not apply to crops but rather to the livestock we raise for human consumption. D) Crop diversity has increased by 100% over the last century because of genetically modified food production. E) Crop diversity has increased by 50% because of monoculture. |
We have lost a lot of genetic diversity in plants. In the U.S., fruit and vegetable crops have decreased in diversity by 90% in less than one century. |
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Seed banks are important for ________. A) cash deposits for developing countries B) protecting monoculture productivity C) protecting genetic diversity D) loans to developing countries to promote organic agriculture E) providing farmers with the current year's GM crops |
protecting genetic diversity |
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Which of the following would be considered a monoculture? A) a garden plot planted with 10 tomato plants B) a two-acre field planted with a variety of foods intended to support several families for the year C) a 100-acre field that is planted with a variety of crops for use in feeding farm animals D) a 100-acre field, all of which is planted with the same variety of corn E) all of these answers |
a 100-acre field, all of which is planted with the same variety of corn |
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Agriculture where a farming family produces only enough food to feed themselves using only small plots of land and small-scale, simple technology is ________. A) intensive traditional agriculture B) subsistence agriculture C) hunter-gathering subsistence D) organic farming E) industrial agriculture |
subsistence agriculture |
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Which statement about food production in the past 50 years is true? A) During this time our food production capabilities have been severely limited, causing the population of many countries to decline rapidly. B) During this time our food production has grown even faster than our population. C) During this time our population has grown faster than our food production capabilities. D) During this time, 90% of the world's population has been overnourished. E) During this time, food production has not increased. |
During this time our food production has grown even faster than our population. |
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Relative to sustainable agriculture, insects' role is as ________. A) keystone species B) invasive species C) genetically modified species D) essential pollinators and predators E) harmful herbivores that need to be eliminated |
essential pollinators and predators |
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What is true about GM crops? A) Europe leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. B) The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. C) Latin America leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. D) They require artificial pollination methods. E) They are unanimously favored by environmentalists. |
The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. |
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In captive breeding programs, organisms are bred with the intent to _______. A) clone them B) keep them in zoos C) release them to the wild D) release them to non-native ecosystems E) none of these answers |
release them to the wild |
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When an ecosystem provides a benefit to humans free of charge it is called _______. A) biophilia B) ecosystem services C) resilience D) conservation E) prize |
ecosystem services |
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Most of the forests in the United States are _____. A) Plantation forestry B) Old-growth forests C) secondary forests D) primary forests E) pine forests |
secondary forests |
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_____ are organizations that purchase land to preserve it in its natural condition. A) National parks Wilderness crusaders B) Land trusts C) Wilderness areas D) National wildlife refuges E) College environmental clubs |
Land trusts |
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The causes of the current (sixth) mass extinction include all of these, but not ________. A) habitat alteration and destruction B) invasive exotic species C) pollution from pesticides, eutrophication and other causes D) earthquakes, tsunamis and forest fires E) global climate change |
earthquakes, tsunamis and forest fires |
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Which of the following types of scientist are responsible for classifying species based on their appearance and genetic makeup? A) environmentalists B) taxonomists C) ecologists D) paleontologists E) botanists |
taxonomists |
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Removal of which of the following species will always result in the greatest changes in an ecological system? A) a competitive species B) a carnivore species C) a keystone species D) a producer species E) a decomposer species |
a keystone species |
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A species of lizard has gone extinct. This could be due to any of the following reasons except ________. A) inbreeding B) habitat destruction by humans C) introduction of a species that competed for food resources D) increased genetic diversity within the species E) climate change |
increased genetic diversity within the species |
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The greatest diversity (numbers of different species) of organisms can be found in ________. A) flowering plants B) fish C) insects D) birds E) mammals |
insects |
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Which of the following is a true statement regarding species richness (the number of species)? A) Species richness is not affected by location at all. B) Species richness typically increases as one moves away from the equator towards the north pole C) Species richness typically increases as one moves towards the equator. D) Species richness typically increases as one moves from the equator towards the south pole. E) none of these answers |
Species richness typically increases as one moves towards the equator. |
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______ are the primary water-insoluble components of cell membranes. A) Proteins B) Nucleic acids C) Carbohydrates D) Acids E) Lipids |
Lipids |
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Most energy in the majority of ecosystems arrives as ______ and exits in the form of _____. A) radiation from the sun, heat B) chemicals from the ocean, radiation from the sun C) chemicals from the ocean, heat D) heat, radiation from the sun E) gas, more gas |
radiation from the sun, heat |
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When an increase in the population of prey occurs, which of the following usually occurs in the population of its predator? A) The population of the predator remains unchanged. B) The population of the predator increases. C) The population of the predator decreases. D) The population of the predator will become extinct. E) Prey populations do not increase. |
The population of the predator increases. |
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Global climate change may produce major shifts in biomes for any given location because ________. A) biodiversity and day length will change B) mean temperature, precipitation and salinity will change C) many species may become extinct D) food web dynamics will change E) soil chemistry, pH of precipitation and the frequency of invasive species will change |
mean temperature, precipitation and salinity will change |
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Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a(n) ________ association. A) pathogenic B) homeopathic C) parasitic D) symbiotic E) benthic |
symbiotic |
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Environmentally and economically acceptable means of controlling introduced invasive species include ________. A) public education, introduction of suitable predators, examination of imported goods B) application of potent pesticides that kill the introduced species C) banning of all importation of non-native species with heavy fines for non-compliance D) removal of all the invasive individuals by collecting, baiting, trapping and, for plants, prescribed burning E) killing off pollinators for invasive plants, food sources for invasive animals |
public education, introduction of suitable predators, examination of imported goods |
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The Everglades Restoration Plan in Florida ________. A) seeks to exterminate numerous invasive fish species and plants B) will restore natural levels of water flow by undoing numerous damming and drainage projects C) will result in serious depletion of drinking water supplies for humans in south Florida D) will probably destroy much of the commercial fishing in the area E) is a short-term restoration project with a two-year implementation plan |
will restore natural levels of water flow by undoing numerous damming and drainage projects |
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When multiple organisms seek the same limited resource, each participant exerts a negative effect on the other participants by taking resources the others could have used. This type of relationship is said to be one of ___________. A) herbivory B) competition C) predation D) parasitism E) mutualism |
competition |
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An excellent example of selective or artificial breeding by humans is _______. A) the great diversity of man-made fabrics B) the diversity of human species in the world today C) the diversity of dog breeds in the world today D) the extinction of frogs in Monteverde's cloud forest E) all of these answers |
the diversity of dog breeds in the world today |
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The carrying capacity is the ________. A) maximum sustainable population that a given environment can support B) greatest number of different niches possible in a given area C) potential growth in the number of species in a given area D) limitation on numbers of species in a community E) average number of offspring carried to term by a species |
maximum sustainable population that a given environment can support |
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Two examples of symbiotic relationships are ___________. A) interspecific and intraspecific competition B) mutualism and parasitism C) parasitism and autotrophs D) mutualism and competition E) parasitism and autrotrophs |
mutualism and parasitism |
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A population is a group of ________. A) individuals of several interacting species that live in one area B) individuals of several interacting species that interact in multiple ecosystems C) individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area D) all individuals of a species in all locations E) cells that have similar function |
individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area |
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Which of the following is accurate? A) Any damaged ecosystem can be completely restored. B) Humans can find and make their own resources if they destroy natural ecosystems. C) Ecotourism combines wildlife conservation with economic benefits. D) Our understanding of genetics allows us to replace extinct species. E) Costa Rica has declared national bankruptcy because of its failed ecotourism industry |
Ecotourism combines wildlife conservation with economic benefits. |
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Which of the following is true? A) Species on Earth today are but a fraction of all species that ever lived. B) The number of species existing at one time has decreased throughout history. C) Extinctions of past species have happened gradually and on a small scale. D) Most organisms present early in Earth's prehistory were more complex than modern organisms. E) Bacteria represent a newer form of life, not present during the early prehistory of Earth. |
Species on Earth today are but a fraction of all species that ever lived. |
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Groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, that produce at most one offspring every other year ________. A) are r-selected B) are K-selected C) are not subject to density-dependent limiting factors D) show the initial stages of the extinction process E) have escaped from the processes of natural selection and adaptation |
are K-selected |
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Populations lacking any environmental resistance tend to increase by ________. A) linear growth B) exponential growth C) pyramidal growth D) emigration E) immigration |
exponential growth |
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Decomposers and detritivores are responsible for enhancing the _____ by recycling nutrients. A) soil B) Earth's mantle C) energy cycle D) oceans E) household |
soil |
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Environmental policy aims to ________. A) use natural resources for economically important industrial products B) protect the values of the landowner C) promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources D) preserve all present natural areas in their pristine condition E) promote economic growth |
promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources |
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What is the effect on fertility rates as women are empowered? A) there is a decrease in family planning and birth control B) there is an increase in family planning and birth control C) per capita income decreases D) there is an increase in infant mortality and death rate E) there is no change in fertility rates |
there is an increase in family planning and birth control |
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Soil forms slowly and is a complex system. When decomposers break down organic molecules, they contribute a dark, spongy an organic material to soil composition called _________. This material improves soil quality. A) topsoil B) swidden C) humus D) bedrock E) loam |
humus |
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Raising ________ requires the most land and water. A) beef cattle B) dairy cattle C) chickens D) pigs E) goats |
beef cattle |
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Arid and semiarid environments cover about _____ of Earth's land surface. A) 10% B) 20% C) 40% D) 60% E) 100% |
40% |
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In Queensland, Australia, cactus moths (Cactoblastis cactorum)________. A) effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangeland B) are an invasive species C) are raised as a food source by native Aborigines D) are examples of species that have developed resistance to pesticides E) are a keystone species |
effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangeland |
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It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more ________. A) plant-based foods B) herbivorous animals like cattle and chicken C) carnivorous animals like fish and alligator D) GM foods E) foods grown using IPM methods |
plant-based foods |
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To make organic fertilizer by composting, you do not include ________. A) animal manures B) shredded plastic and metals, waste from animal butchering C) crop residues D) dead leaves, weeds E) wood chips |
shredded plastic and metals, waste from animal butchering |
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The main legislation for protecting biodiversity in the United States is the _______. A) Clean Air Act B) Clean Water Act C) Endangered Species Act D) Occupational Safety and Hazards Act E) National Environmental Policy Act |
Endangered Species Act |
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Which of the following is a true statement regarding species richness (the number of species)? A) Species richness is not affected by location at all. B) Species richness typically increases as one moves away from the equator towards the north pole C) Species richness typically increases as one moves towards the equator. D) Species richness typically increases as one moves from the equator towards the south pole. E) none of these answers |
Species richness typically increases as one moves towards the equator. |
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During the _______ period, close to 90% of all species are thought to have gone extinct. A) Cretaceous B) Permian C) Cambrian D) Triassic E) Jurassic |
Permian |
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The extinction of a particular population from a given area (but not the entire species globally) is called ________. A) extinction B) extirpation C) emigration D) evolution E) adaptation |
extirpation |
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The IUCN's Red List is ________. A) an updated list of species facing unusually high risk of extinction B) a list of unidentified species C) a list of ecologically damaged ecosystems D) an identification list of known species E) a scorecard of international failures at conservation |
an updated list of species facing unusually high risk of extinction |
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In his recent (2005) book, Richard Louv maintains that today's children ________. A) develop more balanced emotions in urban compared to natural settings B) should not be exposed to the dangers of natural ecosystems C) have a better understanding of natural environments than their grandparents D) suffer psychologically and emotionally from "nature deficit syndrome" E) should not participate in environmental education programs until high school |
suffer psychologically and emotionally from "nature deficit syndrome" |
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Biological diversity, the variety of life across biological organization, can be applied at _______ level(s) of biological organization. A) all (diversity of species, their genes, their populations, their communities, and their ecosystems) B) three (diversity of species, their genes, and their populations) C) two (diversity of species and their genes) D) one (diversity of communities) E) biological diversity cannot be applied to biological organization |
all (diversity of species, their genes, their populations, their communities, and their ecosystems) |
