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322 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what 2 people showed that amino acids can be made from inorganic chemicals present on the early Earth
|
Urey and Miller
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what are 2 possible energy sources for making amino acids from inorganic chemicals
|
UV light, electricity (lightning)
|
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how long ago did the first life form; what type of organism; where
|
3.5 billion years ago; bacteria; ocean
|
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what percentage of all phyla have species that live in the ocean
|
100%
|
|
organisms that float on the surface of the water
|
pleuston
|
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organisms that live in the surface layer of water
|
neuston
|
|
organisms that drift in the water, but do not have much control over their own movement
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plankton
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an individual planktonic organism
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plankter
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what percentage of the ocean's biomass belongs to plankton
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98%
|
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why do plankton have adaptations to increase their surface-area-to-volume ratio
|
resist sinking
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autotrophic plankton
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phytoplankton
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heterotrophic plankton
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zooplankton
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free-floating bacteria
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bacterioplankton
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largest plankton size classification
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megaplankton
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order the following from largest to smallest: picoplankton, femtoplankton, nanoplankton
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nanoplankton, picoplankton, femtoplankton
|
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organisms that spend their whole lives as plankton
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holoplankton
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organisms that are only plankton in certain stages of their lives
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meroplankton
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organisms capable of swimming independently through the water
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nekton
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organisms that swim just above the sea floor
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nektobenthos [demersal organisms]
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organisms that live on or in the sea floor
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benthos
|
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what percentage of marine species are benthic
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98%
|
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benthic organisms that live in the sediment
|
infauna
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benthic organisms that live on or attached to the sea floor
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epifauna
|
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benthic infaunal organisms that live between grains of sand
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interstitial fauna
|
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size group of organisms that are typically interstitial fauna
|
meiofauna
|
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the homeostatic control of internal salinity
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osmoregulation
|
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how do marine fish cope with their bodies being hypotonic to their environment
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drink lots of water and remove the salt with chloride cells
|
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how do marine reptiles and birds remove excess salt from their bodies
|
salt glands
|
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where in a fish are chloride cells found
|
gills
|
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how do freshwater fish cope with their bodies being hypertonic to their environment
|
urinate a lot
|
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frictional force of a fluid pushing back on an object as it passes through the fluid
|
drag
|
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drag can be reduced by having a ___________ body
|
streamlined
|
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form of camouflage where the ventral surface is light and the dorsal surface is dark
|
countershading
|
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some marine organisms' ability to use sounds instead of light to see and locate things
|
echolocation
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bold, contrasting color patterns that break up the organism’s outline, but do not match the background
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disruptive coloration
|
|
what organ produces bioluminescence in deep-sea creatures
|
photophore
|
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what compound found in bioluminescent organisms produces light when stimulated
|
luciferin
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some bioluminescent organisms have a symbiotic relationship with what organisms that produce the light for them
|
bacteria
|
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energy is absorbed and slowly released later as light
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phosphorescence
|
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absorption, then re-emittance of light with a longer wavelength
|
fluorescence
|
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plant that thrives in saltwater or salty environments
|
halophyte
|
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cell containing pigments that reflect light allowing an organism to camouflage itself
|
chromatophore
|
|
efficient method of exchanging gas or heat by running two blood vessels in opposite directions
|
countercurrent heat/gas exchange
|
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most organisms in this class of animals have hard gas containers
|
cephalopoda
|
|
red blood protein containing iron that carries oxygen in vertebrates
|
hemoglobin
|
|
blue respiratory pigment containing iron that carries oxygen in some invertebrates, but is less efficient that hemoglobin
|
hemocyanin
|
|
describes an organism that tolerates a wide range of salinities
|
euryhaline
|
|
describes an organism that tolerates a wide range of temperatures
|
eurythermal
|
|
describes an organism that only tolerates a small range of salinities
|
stenohaline
|
|
describes an organism that only tolerates a small range of temperature
|
stenothermal
|
|
describes an organism that inhabits a wide depth range
|
eurybathic
|
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describes an organism that inhabits a narrow depth range because it can't tolerate large changes in pressure
|
stenobathic
|
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organisms that maintain a constant internal temperature by producing heat
|
homeotherm/endotherm/"warm-blooded"
|
|
organisms that uses the environment to alter its body temperature
|
poikilotherm/ectotherm/"cold-blooded"
|
|
2 autotrophic processes
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chemosynthesis, photosynthesis
|
|
symmetry around a point; symmetry around an axis
|
radial symmetry; bilateral symmetry
|
|
concentration of sensory organs in the head
|
cephalization
|
|
concentration of poisons in an organism’s tissue
|
bioaccumulation
|
|
increase in concentration of poisons in organisms higher up in the food chain because top carnivores consume large amounts of prey with the poison
|
biomagnification
|
|
ring of ciliated tentacles used for feeding by brachiopods and bryozoans
|
lophophore
|
|
red protein in muscles that binds to oxygen and makes it available for respiration in muscles
|
myoglobin
|
|
what type of muscle is best for endurance: red or white
|
red muscle (more myoglobin)
|
|
an organism's: leading end; tail end; bottom side; top side
|
anterior; posterior; ventral; dorsal
|
|
side of organims opposite of the mouth
|
aboral
|
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socially-organized group of fish, squid, or crustaceans
|
school
|
|
school of fish swimming in close formation to protect from predators
|
bait ball
|
|
2 advantages of schooling
|
protection, ensures fertilization
|
|
what organism makes the longest annual migration; how long is the journey
|
gray whale; 22,000 km
|
|
spawn in the ocean, then spend their adult lives in freshwater rivers, and return back to the ocean to lay eggs
|
catadromous fish
|
|
spawn in freshwater rivers, then spend their adult lives in the ocean, and return to rivers to lay eggs
|
anadromous fish
|
|
example of a catadromous fish; example of an anadromous fish
|
American eel; salmon
|
|
an organism that takes in water and filters out plankton
|
filter/suspension feeder
|
|
carnivore that eats only fish
|
piscivore
|
|
mat or layer of microorganisms on the sea floor or another substrate
|
biofilm
|
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organism that feeds on organic deposits or biofilms
|
deposit feeder [grazer]
|
|
dead and decaying organic matter including waste
|
detritus
|
|
species with the ability to change sex or has sexual organs of both sexes
|
hermaphrodite
|
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describes an organism that lays many eggs that hatch in the open water
|
oviparous
|
|
describes an organism that incubates its eggs internally, but does not have a placenta
|
ovoviviparous
|
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where does a sea horse put her eggs for protection
|
a pouch in the male
|
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describes an organism that incubates its young internally with a nutrient-rich placenta and gives live birth
|
viviparous
|
|
growth and development of an egg without being fertilized
|
parthenogenesis
|
|
amount of offspring produced by an organism
|
fecundity
|
|
laying large quantities of eggs in the water
|
spawning
|
|
what percent of all protoplasm (substance of living things) is water
|
80%
|
|
reduction of photosynthesis due to too much light
|
photoinhibition
|
|
macroscopic aggregates of amorphous material from living organisms
|
marine snow
|
|
24-hour cycle; 12-hour (daytime) cycle
|
diel; diurnal
|
|
energy-saving state in which an animal does not feed and its metabolism slows
|
diapause
|
|
disturbance and movement of soft sediments done by benthic organisms, such as sea cucumbers and worms
|
bioturbation
|
|
who proposed the "iron hypothesis"
|
John Martin
|
|
what rare nutrient has been used to seed the ocean to increase productivity and reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide
|
iron
|
|
2 temperate coastal grasses
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eelgrass, surf grass
|
|
tropical coastal grass
|
turtle grass
|
|
common grass found in salt marshes
|
marsh grass
|
|
dominant low marsh plant in North America
|
cordgrass
|
|
what factor in a turtle's nest determines the sex ratio of the hatchlings
|
temperature
|
|
the shell on the back of an organism such as a turtle
|
carapace
|
|
where are sea snakes found
|
Indian ocean, Pacific ocean
|
|
what is the largest sea turtle
|
leatherback turtle
|
|
most endangered sea turtle
|
Kemp's ridley turtle
|
|
largest part of an average sea turtle's diet
|
jellyfish
|
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dinoflagellate algae that provides coral with nourishment (by doing photosynthesis) and helps it precipitate carbonate for the reef
|
zooxanthellae
|
|
corals that build reefs and have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae
|
hermatypic
|
|
corals that have no mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae and don't build reefs
|
ahermatypic
|
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soft corals, which include sea pens and sea fans
|
octocorals
|
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hard corals and sea anemones
|
hexacorals
|
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part of a coral that attaches to a substrate
|
basal plate
|
|
the common soft tissue that unites individual hydroids to form a colony
|
coenosarc
|
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small, free-living, larval stage of many cnidarian species
|
planula
|
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a sea anemone’s tentacles with many nematocysts
|
acrorhagi
|
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branching corals with horny skeletons sometimes made of gorgonin protein
|
gorgonians (sea fans, sea whips)
|
|
clear, jelly-like material in the bodies of cnidarians and ctenophores
|
mesoglea
|
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asexual cnidarian stage; sexual cnidarian stage
|
polyp; medusa
|
|
corals only exist in which cnidarian life stage
|
polyp
|
|
cnidarians' harpoon-like projectiles that are ejected for defense or to capture prey
|
nematocysts
|
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specialized cell in a cnidarian that contains a nematocyst
|
cnidocyte
|
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floating gas-filled chamber of a siphonophore, such as the Portuguese man-of-war
|
pneumatophore
|
|
light-sensitive organs on the bell of some jellyfish
|
ocelli
|
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gravity-sensitive organs on the bell of some jellyfish that aid in orientation
|
otocyst/statocyst
|
|
largest cnidarian; how large can it get
|
lion's mane jellyfish; 2 m diameter
|
|
comb-jellies
|
ctenophores
|
|
what does ctenophore mean in Greek; why do they have this name
|
"comb-bearer"; rows of cilia (for locomotion) look like combs
|
|
cells on ctenophores' tentacles that release sticky threads that catch prey on contact with them
|
colloblasts
|
|
most primitive phylum of multicellular animals
|
porifera
|
|
small calcareous or siliceous structures that fit together to form a sponge’s skeleton (along with proteins)
|
spicules
|
|
flexible protein that holds together the hard parts of the sponge’s skeleton
|
spongin
|
|
cavity in the middle of a sponge
|
spongocoel
|
|
cells in sponges with flagella used for filter feeding
|
choanocytes [collar cells]
|
|
group of primitive jawless fish with elongated bodies; examples
|
agnatha; lamprey, hagfish
|
|
parasitic aganathan that attaches to other fish and sucks their fluid
|
lamprey
|
|
group of fish with cartilaginous skeletons and no scales
|
chrondrichthyes
|
|
what organ helps a shark maintain buoyancy
|
oil-filled liver
|
|
true or false: some sharks are fertilized internally and are ovoviviparous
|
true
|
|
largest fish; second largest fish; what do they eat
|
whale shark; basking shark; plankton
|
|
shark that can live in saltwater and freshwater
|
bull shark
|
|
what do manta rays eat
|
plankton
|
|
group of fish with bone skeletons and are the most advanced type of fish
|
osteichthyes
|
|
largest, most-advanced subgroup of bony fish
|
teleostii
|
|
fish with a modified dorsal fin with a bioluminescent lure to attract fish
|
anglerfish
|
|
small silvery fish that spawns on the California coast in large numbers and is the only fish that comes ashore to spawn
|
grunion
|
|
warm-water fish that has a suction disk to attach itself to other fish, usually sharks, for locomotive purposes
|
remora
|
|
dolphin fish
|
mahi mahi
|
|
2 adaptations of deep-sea fish that allow them to eat prey larger than themselves
|
unhingeable jaws, expandable digestive tract
|
|
a young eel
|
elver
|
|
fish that spits a stream of water at insects to get them to fall into the water
|
archerfish
|
|
highly camouflaged fish that has spines containing venom
|
stonefish
|
|
deepest fish ever recorded; how deep
|
cusk eel; 8400 m
|
|
electrical sensory organ in the heads of sharks and rays that allows the animal to detect temperature changes and electric fields
|
Ampullae of Lorenzini
|
|
respiratory organs that exchange gases directly between water and capillaries
|
gills
|
|
fish organ that detects underwater vibrations and is capable of determining the direction of their source
|
lateral line
|
|
receptors in a fish's lateral line that contain groups of hair cells
|
neuromasts
|
|
bony plates above the gills that allow bony fish to force water past the gills without swimming
|
operculum
|
|
forcing water past the gills by swimming, which must be done by sharks, skates, and rays
|
ram ventilation
|
|
membrane-bound air-filled sac found in some slow-moving bony fish that allows the fish to achieve neutral buoyancy
|
swim bladder
|
|
tube that allows some fish to quickly take gas in or out of the swim bladder by exchanging it through the esophagus
|
pneumatic duct
|
|
what organ does commercial fish oil (used in vitamin supplements) come from
|
liver
|
|
a fish protein extracted from Alaskan pollocks that is used in artificial crab meat
|
surimi
|
|
sturgeon eggs harvested for food before their trade became illegal
|
caviar
|
|
Japanese delicacy made from pufferfish, which have poison in their tissues
|
fugu
|
|
2 basic methods used by fish to capture prey
|
lunging, cruising
|
|
paired fins used to turn, brake, and balance
|
pectoral & pelvic fins
|
|
fins used to stabilize a fish
|
dorsal & anal fins
|
|
fin used to propel a fish forward
|
caudal fin
|
|
asymmetrical caudal fin that provides lift; example of fish with this fin
|
heterocercal fin; shark
|
|
4 types of homocercal caudal fin
|
lunate, forked, truncate, rounded
|
|
3 feeding techniques used by sea birds to capture underwater prey
|
active pursuit, skimming, plunging
|
|
group of Arctic marine birds that includes puffins
|
auks
|
|
bird with the largest wingspan of any extant bird
|
albatross
|
|
bird that is described as dumb because it doesn't resist capture
|
booby
|
|
where are penguins found
|
Antarctic, Galapagos islands
|
|
deepest-diving, largest bird
|
emperor penguin
|
|
penguin that has an unusual 18-month breeding cycle
|
king penguin
|
|
gathering of male whales to make competitive mating displays
|
lek
|
|
regulates conservation of whales and put a moratorium on whaling in 1986
|
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
|
|
thick layer of insulating fat in most marine mammals
|
blubber
|
|
oil-filled organ in a whale’s head that changes shape to focus sound
|
melon
|
|
taking several short breaths at the surface, then holding one’s breath
|
apnea [apneustic breathing]
|
|
slowing of the heart rate to conserve oxygen while diving
|
bradycardia
|
|
whale's horizontal tail fin with no bones
|
fluke
|
|
sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs with capillaries
|
alveoli
|
|
describes the sickle shape of a dolphin’s dorsal fin
|
falcate
|
|
humpback whales release bubbles around schools of fish, acting as nets, making the fish easier to catch
|
bubble-net feeding
|
|
group of toothed whales; examples
|
odontoceti; sperm whales, killer whales [orcas], dolphins, porpoises
|
|
group of baleen whales
|
mysticeti
|
|
largest toothed whale
|
sperm whale
|
|
which makes lower-frequency sounds: toothed or baleen whales
|
baleen whales
|
|
waxy substance found in sperm whales to protect their digestive tracts from the hard beaks of squid
|
ambergris
|
|
the waxy substance in a sperm whale’s forehead which allows it to dive to different depths because it changes density at different temperatures
|
spermaceti
|
|
what is the deepest-diving marine mammal; it can dive to at least what depth
|
sperm whale; 2800+ m
|
|
structure in a sperm whale that makes clicking noises
|
museau du singe [monkey's muzzle]
|
|
generates sound in toothed whales other than sperm whales
|
blowhole
|
|
called the “wolves of the sea” due to their group hunting habits
|
killer whales [orcas]
|
|
social group of toothed whales
|
pod
|
|
largest whale; second largest whale
|
blue whale; finback whale
|
|
some whales' sieve-like plates that filter out plankton from the water
|
baleen
|
|
what protein is baleen made of
|
keratin
|
|
what whale has experienced the greatest net percentage decline of any whale since humans began hunting it
|
right whale
|
|
gray whales’ method of sucking up benthic organisms, then filtering them out with their baleen
|
suction feeding
|
|
the only marine mammals without blubber, but have thick fur to make up for it
|
sea otters
|
|
how do polar bears catch seals swimming beneath the ice
|
they wait for them to come out of holes to breathe
|
|
marine mammal with ivory
|
walrus
|
|
a manatee species that went extinct in the 1700s shortly after its discovery due to overhunting
|
Steller's sea cow
|
|
what is the current cause of most manatee deaths in Florida
|
boat collisions
|
|
pinnipeds that are earless, better adapted for aquatic movement, and have streamlined snouts
|
true seals
|
|
pinnipeds that have external ears, are better adapted for terrestrial movement, and have large foreflippers
|
sealions [eared seals]
|
|
what type of pinniped is a fur seal
|
sealion
|
|
water-filled tubes that allow an echinoderm to walk and grab prey
|
tube feet
|
|
circulates nutrients around an echinoderm's body
|
water vascular system
|
|
structures that extend an echinoderm's tube feet by pressurizing them
|
ampullae
|
|
aboral opening used to filter water into the water vascular system of an echinoderm
|
madreporite
|
|
area where sea urchins have devoured kelp forests because their predators, such as otters, have declined
|
urchin barren
|
|
echinoderm that eats large amounts of coral
|
crown-of-thorns starfish
|
|
the calcareous plates that form the skeletons of starfish and sea urchins
|
ossicles
|
|
tiny pincers used by starfish and urchins to destroy encrusting organisms that try to settle on them
|
pedicillariae
|
|
powerful feeding apparatus of sea urchins used for grazing with 5 grinding teeth in a circle
|
Aristotle's lantern
|
|
defensive mechanism of sea cucumbers where they shoot out their internal organs as a decoy and grow them back later
|
evisceration
|
|
first planktonic larval stage of some crustaceans, such as crabs
|
zoea
|
|
larval stage of barnacles that attaches to a substrate
|
cypris
|
|
planktonic larval stage of barnacles and copepods
|
nauplius
|
|
large pincer claw(s) of some crustaceans, such as lobsters and fiddler crabs
|
chela
|
|
carbohydrate polymer that is the key component of the exoskeletons of arthropods
|
chitin
|
|
small but macroscopic crustacean zooplankton
|
euphausiids [krill]
|
|
most numerous zooplankton
|
copepods
|
|
on what island do red crabs migrate across in masses each year to spawn
|
Christmas Island
|
|
support for an mollusc's body provided by internal fluid pressure
|
hydrostatic skeleton
|
|
what does mollusc mean
|
"soft body"
|
|
planktonic larval stage of some molluscs resembling their adult form
|
veliger
|
|
group of organs in a mollusc
|
visceral mass
|
|
mollusc organ that secretes calcium carbonate to make the shell
|
mantle
|
|
calcium carbonate coating applied by a mollusk’s mantle around an irritant
|
pearl
|
|
a mollusc's elongated rasping organ used to scrape food off rocks
|
radula
|
|
tubes that allow bivalves to take in water and filter out plankton for food
|
siphons
|
|
used by cephalopods such as squids for jet propulsion through the water
|
siphon
|
|
genus of cuttlefish, a cephalopod, that used to be the source of a certain brand of ink that went by the same name
|
Sepia
|
|
strong fibers produced by mussels to attach to other objects
|
byssal threads [bivalve beard]
|
|
winged snails that use mucus webs to catch prey
|
pteropods
|
|
feathery external gills of nudibranchs
|
ctenidia
|
|
class of invertebrates with complex nervous systems
|
cephalopoda
|
|
tube connecting each chamber in a nautilus
|
siphuncle
|
|
microscopic zooplankton that use slender pseudopodia that project through their CaCO3 test to catch prey
|
foraminiferans
|
|
"living snowflakes of the sea"
|
radiolarians
|
|
spherical microscopic zooplankton with spiny silica tests
|
radiolarians
|
|
radiolarians' special branched pseudopodia used for capturing prey
|
axopodia
|
|
small zooplankton with vase-shaped, protein shells and cilia
|
tintinnids
|
|
3 methods used by scientists to obtain small plankton
|
plankton net, centrifugation, filtration
|
|
unicellular eukaryotic photosynthesizers
|
algae
|
|
fastest growing kelp; how fast can it grow; how tall can it get
|
giant kelp [Macrocystis]; 50 cm/day; 50 m
|
|
structure that holds kelp in place like a roots do for a plant, except it absorbs nothing
|
holdfast
|
|
kelp's stalk
|
stipe
|
|
kelp's structures analagous to plants' leaves
|
blades
|
|
gas-filled air sacs that support the blades and stipes of brown kelp
|
pneumatocysts
|
|
brown pigment in brown algae
|
fucoxanthin
|
|
yellow pigment in brown algae
|
xanthophyll
|
|
brown algae
|
phaeophyta
|
|
genus of planktonic macroalgae [seaweed] common in the Sargasso Sea
|
Sargassum
|
|
green algae
|
chlorophyta
|
|
green pigment in algae; what metal is found in this pigment
|
chlorophyll; magnesium
|
|
red pigment in red algae
|
phycoerythrin
|
|
red algae
|
rhodophyta
|
|
type of algae sometimes found below the euphotic zone
|
red algae
|
|
gelatinous molecules from red algae
|
carageenans
|
|
what group of organisms does agar come from
|
red algae
|
|
dominant yellow-orange pigment in golden algae
|
carotin
|
|
golden algae
|
chrysophyta
|
|
group that dinoflagellates belong to
|
pyrrophyta
|
|
what does dinoflagellate mean in Latin
|
"terrible whip"
|
|
thick cellulose cell wall carried by some dinoflagellates
|
theca
|
|
a diatom's silica test
|
frustule
|
|
radially symmetric frustule shape; bilaterally symmetric frustule shape
|
centric; pennate
|
|
young diatom zygote with no frustule
|
auxospore
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warm-water phytoplankton with calcium carbonate plates; what are the plates called
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coccolithophores; coccoliths
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place with lots of chalk derived from coccolithophores
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White Cliffs, Dover, England
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dormant stage of some protists, such as diatoms, or bacteria that allow them to survive through unfavorable conditions
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cyst
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pigments that transfer light energy to chlorophyll-a, the dominant pigment
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accessory pigments
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algae that live in or on ice
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epontic algae
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algae that grow on other plants or kelp
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epiphytes
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some species of green or red algae that incorporate calcium carbonate in their tissues and may contribute to reef growth
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coralline algae
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segmented, ciliated, larval form of organisms from several different phyla, including mollusca, annelida, and nemertea
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trochophore
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small, streamlined carnivores that use clusters of hooks to catch prey
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arrow worms [chaetognaths]
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phylum of roundworms
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nematoda
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long worms with a proboscis that can be ejected by hydrostatic pressure for capturing food
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ribbon worms [phylum nemertea]
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phylum of flatworms
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platyhelminthes
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phylum of segmented worms
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annelida
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annelid that creates a U-shaped tunnel and strengthens the walls with mucus
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lugworm
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predatory annelids with appendages called parapodia
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polychaetes
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sessile worms that secrete tubes to live in and have a cluster of tentacles projecting from the tube
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beard worms
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giant tube worm's body sac that holds chemosynthetic bacteria
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trophosome
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the mucus balloons that tunicates live in
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tunics
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bacteria responsible for at least half of the ocean's biomass
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prochlorococcus
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bacteria that builds stromatolites and does photosynthesis in tropical areas
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cyanobacteria
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five kingdoms (of the deprecated system)
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monera, fungi, animalia, protista, plantae
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domain of organisms that live in extreme environments and includes methanogens
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archaea
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3 domains of life
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archaea, bacteria, eukarya
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man who developed the basis for modern classification
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Carolus Linnaeus
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7 taxonomic levels
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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phylum of sponges
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porifera
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phylum with nematocysts
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cnidaria
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class of common jellyfish
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scyphozoa
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class of hydroids and the Portuguese man-of-war
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hydrozoa
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class of coral and sea anemones
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anthozoa
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class of toxic cube jellyfish
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cubozoa
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phylum of crabs and sea spiders
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arthropoda
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subphylum of crabs, lobsters, barnacles
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crustacea
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order that includes lobsters and crabs
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decapoda
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mollusc class of sea slugs [nudibranchs] and snails
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gastropoda
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mollusc class of clams, oysters, mussels
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bivalvia
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mollusc class of nautilus, octopus, squid, cuttlefish
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cephalopoda
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mollusc class of chitons
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polyplacophora
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echinoderm class of sea urchins and sand dollars
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echinoidea
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echinoderm class of sea cucumbers
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holothuroidea
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echinoderm class of starfish
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asteroidea
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echinoderm class of brittle stars
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opthuroidea
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echinoderm class of feather stars and sea lilies
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crinoidea
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phylum of moss animals
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bryozoa
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phylum of animals that look just live bivalves but aren't molluscs
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brachiopoda
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subphylum of salps/tunicates/sea squirts
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urochordata
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subphylum of lancelets
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cephalochordata
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group within the order carnivora to which seals, sealions, and walruses belong
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pinnipedia
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order of whales, dolphins, and porpoises
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cetacea
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order of manatees and dugongs (sea cows)
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sirenia
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order of polar bears, otters, and seals
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carnivora
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