The Urinary System - Fluid And Electrolyte Balance

Front 1

A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

Back 1

volatile

Front 2

In a lean adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

Back 2

60

Front 3

The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life. List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.

Back 3

Three types of homeostasis are involved: fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance. Fluid balance means that the total quantity of body water remains almost constant and that the distribution between the ICF and ECF are normal. Electrolyte balance implies the same thing for ions. Acid-base balance means that the pH of the ECF is maintained in the range of 7.35 to 7.45, and that gains or losses of hydrogen ion as a consequence of metabolism are followed by equivalent losses or gains so as to maintain constant buffer reserves.

Front 4

Secretion of potassium into the urine isincreased by aldosterone.associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium.A, B, and CA and B only

Back 4

A and B only

Front 5

Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

ADH

PTH

acetylcholine

aldosterone

natriuretic peptides

Back 5

natriuretic peptides

Front 6

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?

angiotensin

IIepinephrine

ANP

PTH

ADH

Back 6

ADH

Front 7

________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst.

Back 7

ADH

Front 8

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

epinephrine

ADH

ANP

BNP

aldosterone

Back 8

ADH

Front 9

The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid?

aresodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.

potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

sodium, potassium, and calcium.

proteins, potassium, and phosphate.

potassium, hydrogen, and chloride.

Back 9

proteins, potassium, and phosphate.

Front 10

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by

causing the release of ADH.

stimulating thirst.

triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.

both A and B

A, B, and C

Back 10

A, B, and C

Front 11

A(n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.

Back 11

buffer

Front 12

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

potassium ions.

sodium ions.

electrons.

calcium ions.

chlorine ions.

Back 12

sodium ions

Front 13

A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for

respiratory alkalosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

respiratory acidosis.

metabolic acidosis.

Back 13

respiratory alkalosis.

Front 14

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are

sodium, hydrogen, and chloride.

sodium, potassium, and phosphate.

sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.

sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

sodium, potassium, and calcium.

Back 14

sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

Front 15

All of the following are components of ECF, except

peritoneal fluid.

RBCs.

cerebrospinal fluid.

aqueous humor.

lymph.

Back 15

RBCs

Front 16

A(n) ________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

Back 16

fixed or nonvolatile

Front 17

A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body.

hydrogen ion

sodium

water

bicarbonate ion

all of the above

Back 17

all of the above

Front 18

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

consequence of prolonged vomiting

consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema

Back 18

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema

Front 19

When the pH falls below 7.35, a state of ________ exists.

Back 19

acidosis

Front 20

When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.

Back 20

alkalosis

Front 21

Approximately ________ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day.

7

9

15

10

20

Back 21

7

Front 22

Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of ________.

Back 22

carbon dioxide

Front 23

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

the feces.

buffers.

the kidneys.

sweating.

the liver.

Back 23

the kidneys

Front 24

Severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to

metabolic alkalosis.

metabolic acidosis.

respiratory alkalosis.

respiratory acidosis.

Back 24

metabolic acidosis.

Front 25

To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties can this substance not have in order to be effective?

impermeable to brain plasma membranes

permeable to brain plasma membranes

permeable to capillary endothelium

nontoxic to neurons soluble in water

Back 25

permeable to brain plasma membranes

Front 26

Will hyperventilation raise or lower pH?

Back 26

raise

Front 27

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

tissues.

muscles.

arteries.

capillaries.

veins.

Back 27

capillaries.

Front 28

When pure water is consumed,

osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.

the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.

the volume of the ICF decreases.

a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.

the volume of the ECF decreases.

Back 28

osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.

Front 29

The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the

cerebrospinal fluid.

plasma and lymph.

interstitial fluid.

all of the above

A and B only

Back 29

all of the above

Front 30

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.

the osmolarity of the ECF falls.

osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.

both B and D

Back 30

osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

Front 31

The principal ions in extracellular fluid are ________, ________, and ________.

Back 31

sodium, chloride and bicarbonate

Front 32

Prolonged vomiting can result in

respiratory alkalosis.

metabolic acidosis.

respiratory acidosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

Back 32

metabolic alkalosis

Front 33

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the

kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions.

kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions.

kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.

A and B only

A and C only

Back 33

A and C only

Front 34

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop

metabolic alkalosis.

respiratory acidosis.

respiratory alkalosis.

metabolic acidosis.

Back 34

metabolic acidosis.

Front 35

Which of the following will stimulate thirst?drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx

an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus

angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus

A and B only

A, B, and C

Back 35

A, B, and C

Front 36

About two-thirds of the body fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

interstitial

extracellular

intercellular

intracellular

vital

Back 36

intracellular

Front 37

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD

consequence of prolonged vomiting

consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

Back 37

consequence of prolonged vomiting

Front 38

Aldosterone

is secreted in response to elevated levels of potassium in the blood.

promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure.

A, B, and C

A and B only

Back 38

A and B only

Front 39

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.

increase ventilation.

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

buffer the urine.

buffer stomach acid.

Back 39

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

Front 40

In response to respiratory alkalosis, the

respiratory rate increases.

kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.

tidal volume increases.

kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

kidneys conserve bicarbonate.

Back 40

kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

Front 41

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks

respiratory alkalosis.

respiratory acidosis.

metabolic acidosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

Back 41

metabolic alkalosis.

Front 42

Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called

buffers.

electrons.

electrolytes.

osmoregulators.

nonelectrolytes.

Back 42

electrolytes

Front 43

In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

70

40

60

50

80

Back 43

50

Front 44

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

ADH.

calcitonin.

parathyroid hormone.

aldosterone.

cortisol.

Back 44

parathyroid hormone.

Front 45

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

buffer.

compensation.

acid.

alkali.

electrolyte.

Back 45

buffer

Front 46

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

magnesium.

potassium.

calcium.

chloride.

sodium.

Back 46

potassium.

Front 47

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

glucocorticoids.

aldosterone.

ADH.

atrial natriuretic peptides.

parathormone.

Back 47

aldosterone.

Front 48

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?

BNP

aldosterone

ANP

ADH

epinephrine

Back 48

aldosterone

Front 49

The normal pH range for ECF is ________ to ________.

Back 49

7.35 to 7.45

Front 50

Consuming a meal high in salt will

cause hypotension.

result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.

decrease thirst.

activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Back 50

result in a temporary increase in blood volume

Front 51

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid.

Back 51

extracellular

Front 52

Antidiuretic hormoneis secreted by the adenohypophysis.

stimulates water intake.

stimulates water conservation by the kidneys

A, B, and C

B and C only

Back 52

B and C only

Front 53

The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

conserve sodium ions.

decrease ECF.

excrete sodium ions.

both A and B

both B and C

Back 53

both B and C

Front 54

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within

the cells of the body.

blood vessels.

the cerebrospinal fluid.

the interstitial space.

lymph.

Back 54

the cells of the body

Front 55

A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

acute respiratory acidosis.

chronic respiratory alkalosis.

chronic metabolic acidosis.

chronic respiratory acidosis.

Back 55

chronic respiratory acidosis.

Front 56

Fred has chronic emphysema. Blood tests show that his pH is low but almost normal but his bicarbonate levels are elevated significantly. How can this be? What would urinalysis show?

Back 56

Emphysema limits alveolar ventilation, leading to increased carbon dioxide in Fred's body. Since Fred's condition is chronic (long term) his body has compensated for the excess carbonic acid (the result ofhypercapnia due to poor ventilation) by increasing the amount of bicarbonate to match the elevated level of hydrogen ion. This compensation for respiratory acidosis was accomplished by the kidney's secretion of hydrogen ion both in the PCT and DCT and the retention of bicarbonate from the elevated carbonic acid. Urinalysis would indicate a very low pH and high levels of ammonia, produced by the distal tubule to absorb the secreted hydrogen ion.

Front 57

Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?

Back 57

When pH is low, hydrogen ion levels in the blood are high and also in the interstitial and peritubular fluid. Hydrogen ion competes with potassium ion for the sodium countercurrent exchanger in the tubules. As hydrogen ion secretion rises (which compensates for the acidosis), potassium is retained and hyperkalemia develops. If severe enough, muscle cramps and cardiac arrhythmias result.

Front 58

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD

consequence of prolonged vomiting

consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

Back 58

consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

Front 59

Hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis.

respiratory alkalosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

metabolic acidosis.

Back 59

respiratory acidosis.