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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A combination method for demonstrating fat and myelin in frozen sections of brain is: a. Luxol fast blue-PAS b. Luxol fast blue-oil red O c. H&E d. Holzer's |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." By combining the Luxol fast blue (LFB) procedure with oil red O, both myelin and fat will be demonstrated; myelin with LFB, and fat with oil red O. |
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A staining method sometimes used for myelin and glial fibers is: a. Holzer's b. Weil's c. Bodian's d. Lapham's |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." In Lapham's method, myelin stains magenta with phloxine B and glial fibers stain green with fast green FCF. |
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The differentiating solution used in Weil's method for myelin contains sodium borate and: a. potassium ferrocyanide b. potassium ferricyanide c. ferric chloride d. ferrous sulfate |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." The differentiating solution in Weil's method contains sodium borate and potassium ferricyanide. |
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In Cajal's method for astrocytes, sections of brain are fixed in formalin that contains: a. sodium acetate b. ammonium bromide c. mercuric chloride d. calcium chloride |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." In Cajal's method for astrocytes, sections of brain are fixed for no less than 2 days and no more than 25 days in formalin ammonium bromide. |
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A staining method used to demonstrate microglia is: a. Bielschowsky b. Luxol fast blue c. Weil-Davenport d. Cajal |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." The Weil-Davenport method stains microglia and oligodendroglia black. |
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The basic component of the central nervous system is the: a. axon b. neuron c. dendrite d. ganglion |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." The basic component of the central nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell. |
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The nerve process carrying nerve impulses toward the cell body nucleus is called a/an: a. dendrite b. axon c. neuron d. ganglion |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." The nerve process carrying electrical impulses toward the cell body is called a dendrite. |
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The nerve process carrying electrical impulses away from the cell body is called a/an: a. neuron b. dendrite c. synapse d. axon |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." The axon is a nerve process carrying electrical impulses away from the cell body. |
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The point of contact between an axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a/an: a. link b. synapse c. attachment d. contact |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." The point of contact between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a synapse. |
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The largest portion of the brain is the: a. medulla b. midbrain c. cerebellum d. cerebrum |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." The largest portion of the brain, which controls voluntary movements and coordination of mental actions, is called the cerebrum. |
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The second largest portion of the brain is the: a. cerebrum b. cerebellum c. pons d. medulla |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." The second largest portion of the brain, containing the reflex center for coordination of muscle movements, is the cerebellum. |
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Nissl substance can be demonstrated with which of the following stains: a. thionin and cresyl echt violet b. eosin and phloxine c. silver nitrate and gold sublimate d. orange G and methyl blue |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Because of its RNA content, Nissl substance has an affinity for basic aniline dyes such as thionin and cresyl echt violet. |
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A component of nerve tissue that can be demonstrated by gold and silver impregnation techniques is: a. neurofibrils b. Nissl substance c. dendrites d. myelin |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Neurofibrils are aggregates of microtubules and neurofilaments that can be found in the cytoplasm of nerve cell bodies, axons, and dendrites. They can be demonstrated by gold and silver impregnation techniques. |
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A silver impregnation technique for demonstrating neurofibrils that uses formalin as a reducing agent is the: a. Holzer b. Holmes c. Gros-Bielschowsky d. Bodian |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." Formalin is used as the reducing agent in the Gros-Bielschowsky method. |
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This method uses ammoniacal silver carbonate for impregnation of neurofibrils: a. Rio-Hortega b. Nonidez c. Holzer d. Marchi |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." The Rio-Hortega method for neurofibrils, a modification of the Gros-Bielschowsky method, uses ammoniacal silver carbonate rather than ammoniacal silver for impregnation. |
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A method that selectively stains astrocytes in frozen sections is the: a. Cajalgold b. Pal-Weigert c. phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin d. Weil |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Cajal's gold sublimate method is used to demonstrate astrocytes in frozen tissue sections that have been fixed in formalin ammonium bromide solution. |
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A modified phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin procedure can be used to demonstrate: a. endothelial cells b. glial fibers c. Nissl substance d. Schwann cells |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." A modified phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin procedure can be used to demonstrate glial fibers, neurons and myelin. |
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In Holzer's method, glial fibers are stained with: a. silver nitrate b. crystal violet c. orcein d. Protargol |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." In Holzer's method, glial fibers are stained blue with crystal violet. |
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Hydroquinone is.the reducing agent in this staining method for nerve fibers and neurofibrils: a. Mallory b. Weil c. Bodian d. Holzer |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." Hydroquinone is the reducing agent used in the Bodian method for nerve fibers and neurofibrils. |
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The differentiating solution in Holzer's method for glial fibers is: a. borax ferricyanide b. alcohol-acetone c. aniline-chloroform d. alcohol-dioxane |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." In Holzer's method for glial fibers, sections are differentiated with an alkaline aniline-chloroform mixture. |
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Demonstration of myelin in tissue sections depends on the presence of this substance in myelin: a. lipid b. fibrin c. mucopolysaccharide d. amyloid |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." The presence of lipid in mylein sheath allows its demonstration with methods such as Luxol fast blue and Weil's iron hematoxylin. |
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Differentiating agents in the Luxol fast blue procedure for myelin sheath are: a. sodium borate and potassium ferrocyanide b. alcohol and acetone c. alcohol and dibxane d. lithium carbonate and 70% alcohol |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." In the Luxol fast blue method, sections are differentiated by using alternate changes of lithium carbonate and 70% alcohol. |
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An argyrophil stain for neurofibrils, that can also be used to demonstrate neurosecretory granules of some carcinoid tumors, is the method of: a. Cajal b. Holmes c. Sevier-Munger d. Weil |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." The Sevier-Munger method is an argyrophil stain that involves reduction of silver nitrate to metallic silver by formalin solution. The procedure can be used to demonstrate nerve endings and neurofibrils as well as granules in some carcinoid tumors. |
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Bielschowsky's method involves double impregnation of brain sections with silver nitrate solution. The reducing agent used in this method is: a. hydroquinone b. phenol c. sodium sulfite d. formalin |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." The reducing agent used in Bielschowsky's method is formalin. In some modifications of this method the formalin solution contains citric and nitric acids. |
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Myelin, the white fatty material forming insulating and protective sheaths around nerve fibers, contains protein, cholesterol, eerebrosides, and: a. fatty acids b. phospholipids c. lipoproteins d. endoplasmic reticulum |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Myelin contains protein, cholesterol, eerebrosides and phospholipids. |
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Astrocytes can be demonstrated by the monoclonal antibody that is specific for: a. vimentin b. S-100 c. cytokeratin d. GFAP |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." The monoclonal antibody specific for GFAP (glial fibrillary acid protein) can be used to demonstrate astrocytes. |
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The neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease can be demonstrated with the monoclonal antibody that is specific for: a. B amyloid protein b. lysozyme c. neuron-specific enolase d. S-100 |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." The monoclonal antibody specific for B amyloid protein demonstrates neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease. |
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Myelin, although usually stained with Luxol fast blue, can also be stained with: a. solochrome cyanine RS b. toluidine blue O c. trypan blue d. indazol blue R |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Myelin can be demonstrated by Page's solochrome cyanine method. |
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Relating to nerve cells, chromatolysis refers to the loss of: a. axons b. Nissl substance c. dendrites d. myelin |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Loss of Nissl substance, referred to as chromatolysis, may occur following injury to neurons. In general usage, chromatolysis refers to disintegration of nuclear chromatin. |
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This modification of Bodian's method for nerve fibers and neurofibrils uses a buffered impregnating solution to increase specificity of the stain: a. Rio-Hortega b. Nonidez c. Bielschowsky d. Holmes |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Holmes' method is a modification of Bodian's technique for nerve fibers and neurofibrils. This procedure uses a buffered impregnating solution to provide the alkaline environment that ensures optimal silver impregnation of nerve fibers and neuroflbrils. |
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Although Gomori's ammoniacal silver method is used to demonstrate reticulum, it will also demonstrate: a. small brain capillaries b. astrocytes c. nerve fibers d. myelin |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Small capillaries of the brain will stain black with Gomori's ammoniacal silver method for reticulum. |
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In Bodian's method for nerve fibers and neurofibrils, Protargol impregnates both neurofibrils and connective tissue. Subsequently, connective tissue is rendered colorless by replacement of silver with this metal: a. copper b. gold c. lead d. tin |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." In Bodian's method, sections are incubated in a solution of Protargol containing metallic copper. The copper replaces silver that has been deposited in connective tissue, resulting in silver impregnation of only nerve fibers and neuroflbrils. |
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By what method are axons demonstrated by fixing tissue pieces in chloral hydrate, impregnating them with aqueous silver nitrate prior to dehydration, then embedding and sectioning them: a. Weil b. Nonidez c. Sevier-Munger d. Pal-Weigert |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." In the Nonidez method, staining of axons is done prior to dehydration, embedding, and sectioning of tissue blocks. |
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A metachromatic stain used for identifying neurons and neuroglial cells is: a. aniline blue b. Luxol fast blue c. toluidine blue d. Giemsa |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." Toluidine blue can be used as a general stain to identify nuclei of neurons, as well as nuclei of neuroglial cells. |
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A trichrome stain using Weigert's iron hematoxylin, Ponceau-azophloxine and phosphotungstic acid-orange G can be used to demonstrate: a. Schwann cells and Nissl substance b. myelin sheath and oligodendrocytes c. nodes of Ranvier and synapses d. astrocytes and neurons |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." With this trichrome stain, nuclei of astrocytes and nerve cells are stained pale blue; astrocytes are stained lavender, and nerve cells are stained blue with red nucleoli. |
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When performing the Bodian method for neurofibrils, prolonged treatment in this solution may interfere with primary staining: a. sodium thiosulfate b. oxalic acid c. gold chloride d. alcohol |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." The Bodian method involves impregnation of tissues with silver proteinate compound which is then reduced to visible metallic silver by hydroquinone. Following toning in gold chloride, staining intensity can be further increased by treatment with oxalic acid. Treatment in oxalic acid, however, should not be prolonged or it will interfere with the silver proteinate reaction. |
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Rinsing in alcohol or water after the primary stain application should be avoided in the thionin method for Nissl substance because: a. sections will be overstained b. an undesirable precipitate will form c. the primary stain will be removed d. the Nissl substance will be dissolved |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." After thionin staining, washing of sections in alcohol or water will remove the primary stain, and should be avoided. Thionin stain is differentiated using a mixture of absolute alcohol and dioxane, from which sections are transferred to xylene and coverslipped. |
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Myelin sheath and nerve fibers can be demonstrated using this combination of stains: a. Gallocyanine and Bodian b. Nonidez and Bielschowsky c. Luxol fast blue and Holmes d. Sevier-Munger and thionin |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." A combined technique, in which nerve fibers are impregnated with silver nitrate according to the method of Holmes, can be followed by Luxol fast blue staining to allow demonstration of nerve fibers (black) and myelin sheath (blue to green). |
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Marchi's method uses this substance to demonstrate degenerating myelin: a. osmium tetroxide b. oil red O c. silver nitrate d. crystal violet |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Marchi's method uses osmium tetroxide to demonstrate degenerating myelin. |
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Nissl substance can be demonstrated by staining parallel sections before and after extraction using: a. diastase b. ribonuclease c. hyaluronidase d. deoxyribonuclease |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Because of its RNA content, Nissl substance can be demonstrated by staining parallel sections before and after extraction using ribonuclease. Nissl substance will be present in unextracted sections but not in extracted sections. |
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Which dye group would normally be chosen to stain Nissl bodies: a. quinoneimine b. Azo c. Xanthene d. anthraquinone |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Nissl bodies are sharply stained with basic aniline dyes such as thionin, azure A and cresyl violet, that are in the quinoneimine group. |
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Two highly developed physiological properties displayed by neurons are: a. irritability and conductivity b. filtration and absorption c. contractibility and protection d. surface transport and secretion |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Neurons display two highly developed physiological properties: 1) irritability, which is the capacity to generate nerve impulses in response to stimuli, and 2) conductivity, which is the ability to transmit these impulses from one locality to another. |
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These cells are found predominantly in gray matter of the brain and spinal cord: a. Neimann-Pick b. Reed-Sternberg c. parafollicular d. protoplasmic astrocytes |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Protoplasmic astrocytes are found predominantly in grey matter of the brain. |
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Thionin stain for Nissl substance is based on the theory that Nissl substance is: a. composed of DNA b. acidophilic with thionin c. metachromatic with thionin d. confined to nerve cells |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." Nissl substance is sharply stained with thionin, a metachromatic dye. |
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Cells and fibers comprising specialized connective tissue of the central nervous system are: a. oocytes b. chondrocytes c. neuroglia d. phagocytes |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." Nerve cells, their dendrites and myelinated axons are supported by cells known as "neuroglia," which are the specialized connective tissue of the central nervous system. |
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The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is based on the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the: a. spinal cord b. neocortex c. medulla oblongata d. cerebellum |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." In Alzheimer's disease, neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques are seen in the neocortex of the brain. |
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Neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease consist of abnormal cell processes often in close proximity to deposits of: a. amyloid b. phospholipids c. neuromelanin d. astrocytes |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Amyloid deposits are often present in neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease. |
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A useful combination staining procedure that allows correlative studies of cellular elements, fiber pathways, and vascular components of the nervous system is the: a. Luxol fast blue and oil red O b. Luxol fast blue with Holmes silver and Marchi's c. Luxol fast blue and periodic acid-Schiff-hematoxylin d. Holzer's and phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." In this staining combination, each of the stains is complemented by the other, allowing for maximum demonstration of cellular elements, fiber pathways, and vascular components of the nervous system. |
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True epithelial cells lining ventricles and the spinal canal are: a. astrocytes b. oligodendroglia c. microglia d. ependymal |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Ependymal cells are one of four types of cells providing internal support of the central nervous system, and are found in the ventricles and spinal canal. |
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Nissl substance, also called tigroid substance and chromidial substance, is predominantly composed of: a. collagenous fibers b. elastic fibers c. granular endoplasmic reticulum d. agranular endoplasmic reticulum |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." Nissl substance is composed of granular endoplasmic reticulum. |
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Luxol fast blue dye has a structural formula closely related to: a. methylene blue b. sky blue c. nile blue sulfate d. alcian blue 8GX |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Luxol fast blue and alcian blue 8GX are salts of a sulfonated copper phthalocyanin dye. |
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Oligodendroglia are cells that function in the production and maintenance of myelin sheath surrounding: a. axons b. neuroglia c. microglia d. astrocytes |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Oligodendroglia produce, and appear to maintain, the myelin sheath surrounding many axons. |
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A protozoan that causes neurologic disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is: a. Cryptosporidium muris b. Leishmania donovani c. Giardia lamblia d. Toxoplasma gondii |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Toxoplasma gondii can cause neurologic disease in patients with AIDS. |
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The area of the brain that usually contains neuromelanin is the: a. pons b. substantia nigra c. medulla d. hypothalamus |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Neuromelanin is usually seen in the substantia nigra and stains black with the Bielschowsky and Fontana-Masson silver methods. |
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The most common of the pituitary tumors are: a. sarcomas b. adenomas c. carcinomas d. teratomas |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Adenomas are the most common tumors of the pituitary gland. |
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Hormone-secreting adenomas of the pituitary gland are best identified by staining with: a. ammoniacal silver b. Luxol fast blue c. PAS-orangeG d. monoclonal antibodies |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Hormone-secreting adenomas of the pituitary are best identified by staining them with the immunohistochemical method that uses monoclonal antibodies. |
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When using the cresyl echt violet method, Nissl substance and nuclei can be preferentially stained by varying the degree of differentiation and the: a. alcohol concentration b. dye concentration c. staining time d. solution pH |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." The cresyl echt violet method can be used to demonstrate nuclei of neurons, Nissl substance, or both, by varying the solution pH and the degree of differentiation. |
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In addition to a wide variety of neurons, nervous tissue is closely associated with a class of non-neuronal cells including these two: a. keratinocytes and melanocytes b. Langerhans and Merkel c. histiocytes and mesangial d. Schwann and glial |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Axons of peripheral neurons are closely invested with the sheath of Schwann, consisting of a single row of Schwann cells along the length of the axon. |
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In a suspected case of Alzheimer's disease, a staining method that would assist with confirming this diagnosis is: a. Bodian's b. H&E c. Bielschowsky's d. Luxol fast blue-PAS |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." Bielschowsky's method demonstrates neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques found in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. |
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A dye that is used to stain myenteric ganglion cells in Hirschsprung's disease is: a. congo red b. thioflavin S c. Flavo phosphine R d. acrdine orange |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." When stained with acrdine orange, myenteric ganglion cells fluoresce an intense orange-red upon exposure to UV light. |
