Ruminant Urinary Tract Diseases

Front 1

What are risk factors for urolithiasis in sheep and goats?

Back 1

High levels of concentrates- unbalanced ration with high phosphorus, high magnesium.

Water deprivation.

Bore water.

Males.

Show animals.

Castrates.

Pet small ruminants.

Front 2

What is the most common type of urolithiasis in sheep and goats?

Back 2

Struvite.

Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate.

Front 3

Where are the pain sites that uroliths lodge in the male sheep/goat?

Back 3

In urethra

Proximal to the sigmoid flexure.

Vermiform appendage.

Front 4

Clinical signs of urolithiasis in sheep?

Back 4

1) Away from the group.

2) Frequent tail swishing and foot stomping.

3) Wide stance with pelvic limbs held back.

4) Frequent straining with bruxism and bleating.

5) MM congested, H.R. , Resp elevate.

6) Anuria or drops of blood tinged urine.

7) Dry preputial hairs with calculi.

8) Can palpate the gritty calculus in the vermiform appendage.

Front 5

Sequalae of urolithiasis in sheep?

Back 5

1) Uroperitoneum- rupture rare, bladder wall becomes permeable.

2) Hydronephrosis due to back pressure.

3) Rupture of the urethra and penis

Front 6

What are signs of urethral/penile rupture due to urolithiasis?

Back 6

If untreated in 48 hours.

Get subcutaneous swelling from scrotum to prepuce.

Very oedematous.

Large well demarcated purple discolored skin along ventrum overlying the accumulating urine.

Discoloured skin and muscle becomes cold and sloughs after 10-14 days.

Front 7

Ddx for urolithiasis in sheep?

Back 7

Abomasal/small intestinal volvulus- more marked toxaemia, marked abdominal distension and rapid deterioation.

Coccidiosis and intussuception- tensemus and abdominal pain.

Pleurisy and peritonitis in rams.

Front 8

What laboratory parameters can we use to help diagnose urolithiasis?

Back 8

Urea will be 30-60 mmol/l normally 2.2-6.6

Creatinine >500 umol/l normally 40-150

Ultrasound.

Front 9

How can we treat urolithiasis?

Back 9

Cut verminform appendage.

Perineal urethrostomy- make mini vagina

Perineal penectomy- making a bum willy

Salvage surgeries

Front 10

Can an animal breed after a perineal urethrostomy/penectomy is done? What procedure can be done on a breeding animal?

Back 10

No.

Tube cystotomy.

Front 11

How do we perform a perineal urethrostomy?

Back 11

Restrain animal in a crush.

Tie tail up.

Place a bag in anus or glove.

Clip and surgical prep site.

Epidural/block

Make a longitudinal incision along ventral aspect of urethra.

Suture to the skin.

Front 12

Management and control measures for urolithiasis in cattle and sheep?

Back 12

Fresh clean water at all times.

Provide roughage.

Urine acidifiers such as ammonium chloride.

Sodium chloride to increase water intake.

Front 13

What is the common agent involved in pyelonephritis in cattle? Which cows is it mainly seen?

Back 13

Actinomyces renale/cornyebacterium renale or e-coli.

2-3 months post calving in beef cows.

Front 14

Characteristics of cornyebacterium renale?

Back 14

Gram + facultative anaerobe.

Survives in environment for ages.

Front 15

Clinical signs of pyelonephritis in cows?

Back 15

Chronic weight loss, poor appetite and poor milk yield.

Failure of cows calf to thrive.

Elevated temperature (39-39.8)

Front 16

What are clinical signs of pyelonephritis in cows relating to the urinary tract?

Back 16

Pollakiuria.

Stranguria.

Dysuria

Discoloured urine with fleck of pus and blood.

Staining of the tail and perineum with pus.

Swishing tail.

Colic signs.

Urine foams.

Front 17

On rectal exam what would you notice with a cow with pyelonephritis?

Back 17

Grossly thickened ureters, thickened bladder.

The kidney is enlarged and painful.

Front 18

What are further tests we can do to diagnose pyelonephritis in a cow?

Back 18

Dipstick- blood and protein.

Grams stain urine- gram positive rods.

Blood sample- chronic inflammatory changes like elecated fibrinogen and serum globulins and low albumin.

Blood urea, nitrogen and serum creatinine are elevated in agonal stages.

Front 19

Treatment plan for a cow with pyelonephritis?Prognosis?

Back 19

Long course of penicillin 3-6 weeks

Poor in advanced disease

Front 20

Control measures for pyelonephritis in a herd of cattle?

Back 20

Attention to environmental hygiene.

Isolate affected animals.

Regular cleaning of obsteric equipment.

Feed acidifying diet if a herd problem

Front 21

What are causes of haematuria in cattle?

Back 21

Cystitis, pyelonephritis, enzootic haematuria.

Front 22

Cause of haemaglobinuria in cattle?

Back 22

Babesiosis.

Bacillary haemoglobinuria.

Post parturient haemoglobinuria.

Chronic copper poisoning.

Theileriasis.

Lepto.

Front 23

What is the causative agent of bacillary haemoglobinuria? Pathogenesis?

Back 23

Clostridium haemolyticum.

Fluke migrating through the liver leave focal anaerobic regions for spores to germinate and release toxin.

Front 24

When is bacillary haemoglobinuria usually seen?

Back 24

Summer and autumn in endemic areas.

Front 25

Signs of bacillary haemoglobinuria?

Back 25

Animals isolated with an arched back, febrile (40-41), tachypnoea, rectal blleding and bloody faeces.

Front 26

How can we control bacillary haemoglobinuria in endemic areas?

Back 26

Vaccination and routine flukicide.

Front 27

Causative agent of babesiosis? Vector?

Back 27

Protozoal red cell parasite -Babesia bigemina and babesia bovis

Vector is the tick Ixodes ricinus.

Seen in hill grazed cattle.

Front 28

Clinical signs of babesiosis in cattle?

Back 28

Pyrexia- 40-41

Depressed and anorexic.

Tachycardia and tachypnoea.

Marked lymphadenopathy.

Anaemia and haemoglobinuria after 1-3 weeks.

MM- Red-> pale-> jaundice.

Profuse diarrhoea.

Death.

Front 29

How can we diagnose babesiosis?

Back 29

Giemsa staining peripheral blood smear.

Serology- PCR, ELISA,iFAT

Haematology- severe anaemia.

Front 30

How do we treat a cow with babesiosis?

Back 30

Imidocarb dipropionate. ( Meat with-hold 213 days) (21 day milk)

+/- a blood transfusion.

Front 31

How can we prevent babesiosis in cattle?

Back 31

Tick control.

Grazing management.

Prophylactic use of imidocarb.

Avoid bringing in naiive animals.

Front 32

What is the cause of enzootic haematuria? Onset?

Back 32

Bracken toxicity.

Gradual over 7 weeks of ingestion.

Front 33

Signs of enzootic haematuria?

Back 33

Intermittent haematuria and anaemia.

Ultimately weight loss, weakness, pyrexia, ptechia to haemorrhage.

Fatal.

Front 34

What is post parturient haemoglobinburia related to?

Back 34

High yielding cows with hypophosphataemia.

Front 35

Signs of renal amyloidosis of cows?

Back 35

Older cow.

Chronic weight loss

Profuse diarrhoe- PLE- Protein losing enteropathy.

Peripheral oedema.

Enlarged kidneys.