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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Condensation |
When gas changes back to a water form due to cooling |
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Infiltration |
When rain passes through soil vertically from the surface |
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Evaporation |
When water changes back to a vapour form due to heat |
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Surface flow |
When water goes over the surface but doesn't get soaked up. |
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Through flow |
When water travels through soil horizontally (at an angle) |
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Interception |
When the rainfall is stopped before it reaches the ground |
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Percolation |
The movement of water through rock vertically into underlying rocks. |
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States of water |
Ice (s) Water (aq) Vapour (g) |
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Permeable |
This rock lets water pass through it |
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Example of permeable rock |
limestone |
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Impermeable |
This rock doesn't let water pass through it via pores. |
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Examples of impermeable rock |
Granite, Marble, Slate |
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Porous |
This rock lets water pass through its pores |
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Examples of porous rock |
Chalk, Sandstone
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Saturation |
When the soil is full of moisture |
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Water table |
The level at which saturation occurs in the ground or soil |
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Groundwater |
water stored in rocks following percolation |
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River Basin |
The area of land drained by a river system, also called a drainage basin |
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Source |
The start of the river and is always found in the hills/ highground |
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Mouth |
The end of the river where it flows into the sea. |
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Tributary |
A smaller stream that flows into a larger river |
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Point of confluence |
Where two rivers meet |
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Watershed |
The highland divide between two drainage basins/ the boundary of the river basin. |
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3 river processes |
Erosion Transportation Depositation |
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Upper course of river |
Etd |
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Middle course of river |
eTd |
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Lower course of river |
etD |
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wetted perimeter |
where the water comes into contact with the rivers banks and bed. |
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Attrition |
When boulders and other materials are transported along the river bed and break into smaller pieces. It's more likely to occur in highlands. They become more rounded and reduce in size. |
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Hydraulic action |
When the force of river dislodges particles from the river banks and bed. |
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Corrasion (Abrasion) |
When smaller objects carried in the water rubs against the banks of the river. They are worn away by a sand papering action called abrasion. |
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Where does corrasion occur? (section) |
Lowland areas by which time material will be broken up small enough to be carried in suspension. River banks are worn away by which time material will be broken up small enough to be carried in suspension. |
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Corrosion (solution) |
When acids in the river dissolve rocks, such as limestone, which form the banks and bed. This may occur at any point of the river course |
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Traction |
Rolling stones along the bed. Requires the most energy. |
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Saltation |
Sand sized particles along the river bed in a 'leap frog' movement. |
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Suspension |
silt and clay sized particles carried along with water flow. |
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Solution |
Some minerals dissolve in the water (requires the least energy. |
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Mnemonic for processes of transportation |
tr sa su so
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Erosion |
the wearing away of rock by water, wind or ice. |
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Lateral erosion |
The river widening through erosion |
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Basal/Verticle erosion |
The bed of the river getting deeper through erosion |
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The load of the river |
The material carried by a river |
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Hydraulic action |
air gets trapped in pores, water compresses it, water then releases the compressed air. This takes place 1000's of times and eventually the rock breaks off. |
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Transportation |
movement of the load of the river downstream by the river. |
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Cumecs |
cubic metres per second |
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alluvium |
the deposited load of the river on the floodplain, the sides of the channel and bed of the channel. |
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Interlocking spurs |
outcrops of resistant rock around which the mountain stream has to flow. |
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Interlocking spurs found... |
the upper course, narrow steepsided, Vshaped valleys. |
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Waterfall |
A steep drop in the gradient of the river over which the river falls. |
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What causes a waterfall? |
When the river meets a band of softer rock after flowing over an area of a more resistant material. |
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Gorge |
A vertically steep sided narrow valley in front of a waterfall. |
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Meandre |
Bends in the river |
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Sinous |
How bendy the river is. |
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Helicoidal flow |
The water travels in a straight line, hits the outside bank (erodes it), sinks moves into the inside bank (low energy) deposits material and continues in this fashion around the meander bend. |
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Thalweg |
the point of fastest flow |
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Floodplain |
The area of flat land either side of the river that is covered by flood water when the river floods, it is comprised by layers of alluvium. |
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Slip off slope |
area of deposition on the inside bank of a meander bend, all the material has been deposited by the river due to slower flowing water |
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leveés |
natural embankment that comprises of layers of alluvium laid down after every period of flood- each layer adds to the next making them higher. |
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Oxbow lake |
a cut off meander loop. |
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Eyots/Chards |
An island made of deposited load material that has been deposited on the bed of the river because the load for the river is too large. |
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Ria |
A drowned or flooded V shaped valley in an upland area at the coast . |
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Estuary |
A drowned/flooded V shape valley in lowland area. Tidal, shallow and prone to deposition. |
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Fjord |
A drowned u shaped valley in an upland area, only found on west coasts. Deep and narrow. Provide safe harbour. |