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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pyroclastic Flows
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The big cloud of ash, hot rocks and other debris let out from the volcano shortly after it erupts
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Shield Volcano
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Example- Mauna Loa (Hawaii)
Has broad sloping sides. Eruptions not violent, but continuous |
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Composite Volcano
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Example- Mount Pinatubo (Philippines)
Tall, cone shaped, steeply sided. Eruptions very explosive |
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Geothermal Heat
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Heat from inside the Earth, produced by radioactive decay of uranium inside the core and mantle
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How do we know that the inside of the earth is hot?
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- Lava from volcanos
- Hot springs and geysers |
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Plumes
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Where heat moves to the surface
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The Magnetosphere
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Invisible magnetic field around the earth.
Made by the outercore Protects the earth from harmful radiation |
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Ring of fire
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Located in the Pacific
Has the biggest concentration of plate boundaries |
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Constructive Plate Boundary
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Example- Iceland (Mid At Ridge)
Plates move apart, magma creates new oceanic crust. Small earthquakes formed due to friction Volcanos are not very explosive |
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Destructive Plate Boundary
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Example- Andes Mountains
Oceanic crust is submerged under continental crust as it is more dense Creates very destructive earthquakes and tsunamis |
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Conservative Plate Boundary
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Example- San Andreas Fault
Two plates slide past each other Forms earthquakes and regular tremmors |
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Collision Zone
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A type of destructive boundary
Two continental plates push up against each other to form mountain ranges Cause earthquakes and landslides |
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What measures the destructive power of a volcano?
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VEI- Volcanic Explosivity Index
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Name some Volcanic Hazards
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- Pyroclastic flows
- Land slides - Volcanic mudslides - Lava flows - Acid rain created - Collapse of buildings due to ash build up |
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What does a hazardous event becoming a disaster depend on?
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1. The type of hazard
2. The area's venerability 3. Capacity/ability to cope and recover |
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Primary Impacts
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At the place and time of the event. A direct cause
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Secondary Impact
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Follow the event. Not directly caused by it
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Capacity
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The ability a community has to absorb and recover from the effects of a hazard
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LEDC Earthquake
Kashmir, Pakistan (7.6) |
- remote region, hard to get aid and rescue services
- Mountainous, lots of damage by landslides - School time, poorly built classrooms collapsed - Winter, survivors found it hard to stay warm |
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MEDC Earthquake
Loma Prieta, California (6.9) |
- lots of damage to buildings, liquefaction
- Gas mains burst, fires - Transport networks destroyed |
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Andesitic magma
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High silica content
Lots of gas Very explosive |
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Basaltic magma (shield volcanos)
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Low silica content
No gas Sticky |
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Granatic magma
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Less dense
Continental crust |
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Earthquakes
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When pressure builds up over a period of time and is suddenly released causing a violent movement on the earth's surface
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Emergency Aid (Haiti)
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- Money
- Food and water - Shelter - Medical supplies |
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Epicentre
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this is the point on the Earth's SURFACE directly above the earthquake's focus.
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Focus
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this is the point INSIDE the Earth's crust or upper mantle where the rocks elastic limit is exceeded and energy is released.
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Liquefaction
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Where water rises to the surface from the water table. Surface made very unstable and wet (like jelly)
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How can LEDC's protect and strengthen buildings?
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Timber frame- adding diagonal bracing using steel
Heavy roof- remove mud overlay on top Separation of joints at corners- Strengthen using wire mesh and cement overlay |
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How can MEDC's protect and strengthen buildings?
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Hazard resistant designs:
- Diagonal bracing to frame - Steel structure which can sway - Foundations sunk into bedrock - Open areas for assemblies - Shock absorbers - Roads for quick access |
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Mitigation
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Reducing the impact
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Managing the impacts of hazards in MEDC's (such as Japan)
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- Building design
- Warning systems - Preparation days - Learning response and recovery techniques |
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Predicting and protecting from volcano eruptions
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- Tiltmeters
- Seismometers - Hot springs monitored - Aircrafts to measure gas emitted - Concrete shelters - Concrete channels - Evacuation routes signposted |
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Earthquakes
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Prediction? N
Protection? Y Preparation? Y Warning? N Evacuation? N |
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Volcanos
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Prediction? Y
Protection? Y Preparation? Y Warning? Y Evacuation? Y |