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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biological clock |
Internal timing mechanism effected by the environment showing rhythmic changes with day, night and seasons. |
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Types of rhythms |
Circadian (24hours), Dinural- active during the day, Nocturnal- active during the night, Crepuscular- active at dusk and dawn, Circatidal (12.5 hours), circa lunar (29.5 days), Circaannual (one year). |
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Photoperiodism |
A biological rhythm which is controlled by the relative lengths of night and day. |
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Photochrome |
A class of plant hormones which are used to control photoperiodism. It comes in two forms Pr and Pfr. Light converts Pr into Pfr and darkness converts Pfr into Pr. |
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Critical value |
The length of uninterrupted day and night which needs to be exceeded in short day plants or not exceeded in long day - to initiate behavioural response such as flowering. The relative proportion of Pr to Pfr is used to determine when flowering takes place. |
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Dormancy |
When an organism is in a period of physiological rest. |
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Vernalisation |
When a period of cold is required to break dormancy. |
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Innate behaviour |
Behaviour determined by the "hard wiring" of the nervous system. It is usually inflexible, a given stimulus triggering a given response. Not something that requires practise. |
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Exogenous rhythms |
Rhythms driven solely by external events. |
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Endogenous rhythms |
internal mechanism driven by an internal clock, whose "setting" may be modified by external changes. |
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Free running period |
An endogenous rhythm that will continue in the absence of external cues. |
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Interspecific relationships |
"No two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely in the same habitat". A community that includes all the species found in a particular location. |
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Predation |
One animal species eats members of another species. + predator -prey |
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Herbivory |
An animal species eats parts of another species. +Grazer -Plant |
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Competition |
Members of different species compete for the same resources. -compA -compB |
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Parasitism |
members of one species living on or inside members feeding off them. +Parasite -Host |
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Mutualism |
Two species providing each other with resources + Species A + Species B |
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Commensalism |
One species benefits or aids another species while not being affected itself. + User species 0 Provider |
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interspecific evolution |
over time, predators and prey shape each other's evolution, with predators showing adaptations for obtaining food and prey showing adaptations to avoid being eaten. |
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Infraspecific competition |
Interaction between members of the same group, requiring similar needs so competition for resources is more intense such as; mates, nesting sites, breeding territories, food, space |
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home range |
Geographical area which is used by many animals in search food food/ resources, it is often large and not defended |
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Territory |
Smaller area within home range, which individuals "own" and defend with aggressive behaviour. It is here they breed and raise young. |
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social hierarchy |
Ranking system of which the strongest/ dominant individuals are on top, with animals communicating dominance or submissiveness. |
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Taxes |
movement of the whole animals toward or away from a stimulus which is coming from one direction. |
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Phototropism + Auxin |
This is the growth hormone seen in plants where plants grow either toward light or away from light. The hormone IAA is responsible, and is produced at the tip of the plant shoots, a low concentration of auxin will cause the cells to elongate. |
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Photonastic |
Flowers that open and close with light |
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Migration |
The regular movement of animals from their breeding grounds to another area and back. Can be trigger by day length, desire to breed or genetic drive. |
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Methods of navigation |
Mental map, sun and moon, stars, Magnetic field, ocean currents, smell, instinct, genetics |
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Hibernation |
The dropping of an animals temperature on a seasonal basis to conserve energy. Also slows heart rate, body temperature drops, increase of fat layers, breathing is slowed. |