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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the things in the upper and lower respiratory tract |
UPPER = Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, Pharynx LOWER = Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli |
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What are the two main functional components of the respiratory system? |
Conduction Portion and Respiratory Portion |
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What does the conduction portion involve? |
Nose to terminal bronchioles, modifies air, detects smell and phonation |
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What does the respiratory portion involve? |
Gas exchange |
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How do you modify air? |
Filtering and cleansing Humidification and warming Removal of pathogens |
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How does filtering and cleansing of air occur? |
Coarse particles are filtered out by hairs in vestibule and sebum secretion from sebaceous glands The respiratory epithelium is also specialised, and basal cells are present. |
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How is the respiratory epithelium specialised for filtering and cleansing of air? |
Contain Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells that secrete mucous and have cilia to create a current away from lungs towards pharynx |
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What is involved in the mucociliary escalator?
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Goblet cells secreting mucous and cilia cells pushing the current away from lungs towards pharynx |
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What do the basal cells do in terms of filtering and cleansing the air? |
They are the reserve cell population which we think give rise to goblet and ciliated cells |
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How does mucous secretions help filtering and cleansing of the air? |
Mucosal glands include serous and mucous glands which produce mucous and increase in response to infection, trauma and allergy |
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How is the air humidified and warmed? |
Serous glands and large, very thin walled venules close to mucosa |
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How is air moistened? |
Through serous glands |
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How is air warmed? |
Through the exchange of heat from blood from venules to air |
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Why are blood nose's common? |
Because the venules are thin walled and are damaged easily |
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How does the nasal passage aid air modification? |
Because there are 3 narrow, bony ridges with elongated passages covered with nasal mucosa that increase surface area and create tortuous air pathway so air has to wind and twirl through the bony ridge |
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How are pathogens removed from the air? |
The goblet cells help trap pathogens but the lamina propria has defence cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells which phagocytose pathogens |
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What do chemoreceptors sense? |
Smell |
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Where are chemoreceptors located? |
Superior conchae |
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What is the olfactory epithelium? |
Different version of respiratory epithelium |
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What tissue does the olfactory epithelium have? |
Neural - has dendrites that sit above surface where mucous would normally be |
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What does this neural tissue help initiate? |
Nerve impulses when smell is picked up and transmits through axons |
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Why is the olfactory epithelium easily damaged? |
Because it's so close to surface epithelium |
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What provides solvent for odours so we can detect the smell? |
Glands between cells called Bowman's Glands |
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How are sinuses named in the nasal cavity? |
Dependent on what is in front of it |
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Describe the structure of sinuses |
Spaces are lined by respiratory epithelium, present within skull bones and connected to nasal cavity |
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What is the function of sinuses? |
Add to protective mucous secretion of upper respiratory system and has resonating chambers for speech |
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What does the larynx have? |
Vocal cords and folds |
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What is the epiglottis made out of? What is its function? |
Made out of cartilage and its function is to know when to close over larynx to prevent food from going down there |
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How do vocal cords produce sound? |
Vibration |
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How is the epiglottis controlled? |
Skeletal muscle |
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What does resonance and amplification dependent on? |
Hollow structure of larynx, pharynx, sinuses and nasal cavities |
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What shape is the cartilage in the trachea? |
C shape |
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What is the posterior end of the trachea joined by? Why? |
Smooth muscle. To enable regulation of tube and allow bulging |
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Are bronchi equal? |
No |
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Why are things more likely to lodge in the right lung? |
Because the right bronchi are more alligned with trachea due to the hearts location |
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What are the 3 passages of the bronchi? |
Primary, secondary, tertiary |
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Describe the structure of the bronchus |
Respiratory epithelium, mucosal venules, mucosal glands, smooth muscle and cartilage |
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What does smooth muscle in the bronchus enable? |
Regulation |
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What does cartilage in the bronchus enable? |
Rigidity |
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Does smooth muscle and cartilage increase or decrease when going to smaller bronches? |
Muscle increases, cartilage decreases |
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Which structures of the bronchus are functional significant for air modification? |
Respiratory epithelium and mucosal venules |
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Which structures of the bronchus are functional significant for diameter variation? |
Smooth muscle |
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Do bronchioles contain cartilage? |
No |
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Describe the structure of the bronchioles |
Ciliated cells with rings of smooth muscle but no goblet cells; instead have Clara cells |
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Why is smooth muscle needed in the bronchioles? |
For constant regulation of involuntary change in lumen diameter |
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What do Clara cells produce? |
Water-slimy secretion called surfactant which stops bronchioles sticking together |
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In terms of physical components and physical structure, what is part of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? |
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct and sac, alveoli, smooth muscle, elastic fibres, reticular fibres and changes in epithelial lining |
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How does the epithelial lining change in the respiratory portion? |
Goes from columnar cells to tiny epithelial lining |
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What is the interalveolar septum? |
Wall between alveoli and every alveoli |
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What surrounds in the interalveolar septum? |
Alveolus, capillaries and alveolar pores |
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Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system? |
Capillaries |
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What do alveolar pores do? |
Equilibriate air pressure within alveoli |
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What are the 5 lining cells of the interalveolar septum? |
Type 1 Alveolar cells Type 2 Alveolar cells RBCs Alveolar Macrophages Endothelial cells WBCs |
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What is the special form of alveolar macrophages? |
Dust cells |
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Where can dust cells migrate? |
To alveoli and back to septa |
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Does every epithelial cell have a basement membrane? |
Yes |
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How is the blood-air barrier formed? |
Endothelial cells, Fused bBasement membrane of endothelial cells + alveolar type 1 cells |
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What are the features of type 1 cells? |
Thin, many pinocytotic vesicles and basement membrane shared with endothelial cells |
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What are the features of type 2 cells? |
Round cell, tight junctions, secretory granules |
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What are the functions of type 2 cells? |
Secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension created by water droplets accumulating on thin barrier Can also help gas exchange |
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Why is a decreased surface tension beneficial for inflating alveoli? |
Makes it easier |
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What occurs to the interalveolar septum when someone has Emphysema? |
It's destroyed |
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W hat occurs to the air spaces, lung surface, elasticity and dust cells when someone has Emphysema? |
Air spaces enlarge therefore decrease in surface area, there's a reduction in lung surface, decrease in elasticity and increase in dust cells |
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What occurs to the air spaces when someone has Pneumonia? |
Fill with exudate from bloods |
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What sort of clots form during Pneumonia? |
Fibrin |
