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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Quantitative Research Question |
a question about the relationship that exists between two or more variables |
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Descriptive Questions |
Seek to answer questions |
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Predictive Questions |
ask whether one or more variables can be used to predict some future outcome |
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Causal Questions |
compare different variations of some phenomenon to identify the cause of something |
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Ontology |
research’s inherent understanding of reality and truth as perceived by the researchers themselves |
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Epistemology |
overall understanding of how knowledge is created or shared |
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Determinism |
all events are fully determined by one or more causes |
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Components of Research Process |
1. Purpose 2. Research Questions 3. Assumptions 4. Sampling Methods 5. Data Collection Methods 6. Research Methods 7. Quality Criteria 8. Data Analysis 9. Report Writing |
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Sampling |
the process of drawing a sample from a population |
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Equal Probability of Selection Method (EPSEM) |
each individual in the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample |
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Quantitative Observation |
the standardization of observational procedures in order to obtain reliable quantitative data, such as counts or frequencies and percentages |
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Experimental Research |
manipulating variables in a controlled environment to isolate the causal effects of a particular variable or set of variables |
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Non-Experimental Research |
These methods generally can describe relationships or patterns of relationships, but do not easily allow for causal inferences |
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Estimation |
estimate the characteristics of populations based on their sample data |
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Hypothesis Testing |
test specific hypotheses about populations based on their sample data |
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Variable |
a condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories such as age, grade point average, test scores, and gender |
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Constant |
something that does not change, but takes on a single value |
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Quantitative Variable |
varies in degree or amount of a given variable within a given phenomenon, usually provided in numerical form |
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Categorical Variable |
a variable that varies in type or kind, generally relating different groups |
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Independent Variable |
presumed to cause a change to occur in another variable |
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Dependent Variable |
presumed to be influenced by one or more independent variables |
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Intervening (Mediating) Variable |
occurs between two other variables in a chain of cause-and-effect |
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Moderator Variable |
changes (i.e., moderates) the relationship between other variables |
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Extraneous Variables |
variables other than the independent variable of interest (e.g., teaching approach) that may be related to the outcome |
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experimental research (2) |
identify causal relationships because it allows researchers to observe, under controlled conditions, the effects of systematically changing one or more variables |
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Manipulation |
intervention studied by an experimenter |
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Confounding Variables |
extraneous variables that were not controlled for by the researcher and are the reason a particular result occurred |
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nonexperimental research (2) |
no manipulation of an independent variable. There also is no random assignment to groups by the researcher—as random assignment is only possible in the strongest of the experimental designs |
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Causal-Comparative Research |
examines the relationship between one or more categorical independent variables and one or more quantitative dependent variables |
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Correlational Research |
the researcher studies the relationship between one or more quantitative independent variables and one or more quantitative dependent variables |
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Correlation Coefficient |
numerical index that provides information about the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables |
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Positive Correlation |
present when scores on two variables tend to move in the same direction |
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Negative Correlation |
present when the scores on two variables tend to move in opposite directions |