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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How did Darwin suggest mammals evolve? (3) (AO1) |
• mammals evolve by sexual selection • a view that competition for mates between individuals of same sex affects evolution of certain traits • any physical trait that enhances productive success will be passed down to offspring |
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What is Zahavi's handicap principle? (2) (AO1) |
• if any characteristic appears to be to costly to produce and is still displayed = must be a sign of good genes and health = more attractive • peacock tails |
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Why is there different selection pressures between genders? (2) (AO1) |
• males have millions of sperm but parental uncertainty therefore natural selection favours them maximising their mating opportunities • females have limited number of eggs but parental certainty, females are therefore more choosy |
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What is intrasexual selection? (1) (AO1) |
• males compete with each other for access to females |
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In response to intrasexual selection, what 3 traits did men evolve and how can this be a handicap? (2) (AO1) |
• men developed strong jaw lines, wide shoulder and higher cheekbones as it showed strength and testosterone which females seek • however, high levels of testosterone damages immune system but are still displayed in strong males = handicap principle |
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What is intersexual selection? (3) (AO1) |
• females showing preferences in men who possess certain characteristics • such as providing good genes for offspring, provide resources • mate choice |
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Psychologists propose it an evolutionary behaviour for women and men to look for what characteristics? (2) (AO1) |
• men = females shown signs of fertility, youth and physical attraction • females = seek males with genetic strength, masculine features, ability to provide and protect |
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What alternative non evolutionary explanation have critics proposed why men like younger females? (2) (AO2) |
• younger women are easier to control and therefore preferred as mates • Kenrick et al rejected claim men constantly look for young females as, it was found that teenage males are most attracted to woman that were actually fiver years older |
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What are the differences between genders considering short term mating preferences? (2) (AO1) |
• men evolved a greater desire for casual sex as would ideally seek sex earlier in a relationship • female behaviour would be subjected to the same evolutionary pressures |
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When Buss conducted a cross cultural study over 37 cultures with over 10,000 men and women, collecting demographic information from questionnaires, Buss also asked about preferences for variables such as marriage, age differences, characteristics in a mate, what were the results? (2) (AO2) |
• women more than men valued mates who were good financial prospects • men more than females valued more variables associated with reproductive capacity = youth |
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What did Singh find out about males preference of waist:hip ratio to support sexual selection theory? (2) (AO2) |
• preferred a waist to hip ratio of 0.7 across cultures • typical hourglass figure is a sign of fertility |
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Why does research such as Buss's face validity issues? (1) (AO2) |
• measure mate preference and therefore doesn't reflect real mate choices |
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How do Clarke and Hatfield support short term mating strategies adopted by men and women? (3) (AO2) |
• 75% of college males agreed to have sex with an attractive stranger • whereas non of the females studied the same willingness • suggest males have evolved mechanisms to increase reproductive success |
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There is a gender bias in short term mating preferences, as how do Ghreling and Buss show that females also might profit from short term mating preferences? (2) (IDA) |
• women may profit as it is a way of leaving a poor quality relationship • or to produce more genetically diverse offspring |
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Why can't sexual selection theory explain homosexuality and why would this produce ethical issues? (2) (AO2) |
• as no children as produced in this relationship and such behaviour goes against the theory • this could cause ethical issues as people may use sexual selection theory to highlight the 'abnormality' of homosexuality and create prejudice through homophobia |
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Thornhill et al found that symmetrical faces were sought by both genders, how does tho support sexual selection theory? (2) (AO2) |
• symmetry is a sign of strong genetic fitness • women also seek masculine features whilst men look for big eyes, small nose and large teeth = childlike • engaging in behaviours that increase reproductive success |
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How can evolutionary theories be considered reductionist? (1) (IDA) |
• partner choice is much more complex involving cultural and social elements which are not fully considered and this theory portrays us as driven purely by nature which is clearly not true |
