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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Begin the research by stating the ______ of the work
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Problem
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Null Hypothesis
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No relationship within the population of Data
And differences are due to sampling error. |
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Steps of Research
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State Problem
Lit Review Select Methdology Oranganize Methods & Materials Collect and Analyze data |
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Discussion
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intrepretation of results, compare to tother studies
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Conclusion
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Brief summary results may have recommendations
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Descriptive Research
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Describes the state of nature at A POINT IN TIME
Used to generate hypothesis |
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DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Surveys |
describe and quantify characteristics of a population
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DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Case Report / Case Study |
Quantitatively describes the experiences of a group.
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DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Establishes _____ but does not determine _______. |
Establishes associations but does not determine causal relationships
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DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Provides ____ Data |
Provides BASELINE data
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Analytical Research
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Includes Experimental Designs(Clinical Trials) & Observational Designs (Co-hort, follow-up, case control)
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ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Experimental Model |
Uses both experimental and control groups
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ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Randomization |
principle of dividing people into groups without bias
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ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Placebo removes the possibility of the _________ effect. |
Placebo removes the possibility of the Hawthorne effect; Positive response due to the attention that participates receive in the study
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ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Experimental is successful if... |
the experiemental group improves more than the control group
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ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Quasi-experiemtetal design |
Time Series - Measurements at periodic intervals before the program begins and after the program ends.
Can show if the results are due to continuation of previous patterns or a noteworthy change. Multi Time series - uses a control group. |
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ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Cohort (longitudinal/incidental) |
Any group members who members have something in common.
(Healthy people over time to see if the develop a disease) |
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ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Cohort - (Prospective) |
Being with suspected disease precursors (future-oriented)
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ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Case Control |
Focus on specific disease
Diseased group compared to group without disease (control) Objective to discover why or how disease occurs |
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ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Cross-Sectional studies |
Snap-shop in time
(Prevalence study) |
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Validitiy
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Ability to measure what it intends to mesaure
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VALIDITY
Internal, External, Accuracy |
Internal - The difference between the 2 groups is real
External - tests if you can generalize results to a larger population Accuracy is a quantitative measurement of taest validity (systematic errors) |
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VALIDITY
ANOVA |
Analysis of Variance
Asks if difference of samples is a reliability to be repeated Compares variance within groups to variance between grups |
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Reliability
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The reproducability of the results (consistency)
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RELIABILITY
Parallel Forms, Split-Halves |
Parallel Forms - Two separate but simiar forms of the test at the same time (coincide scores)
Split Halves - Divide the test in half |
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Sensitivity & Specificity
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Sensitivity - proportion of those who TEST POSITIVE
Specificity - Those who Test NEGATIVE |
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RELIABILITY
Precision |
Quantitative measurement of test reliability - Measures random errore
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VARIABLES
Nominal, Rank order, Numerical discrete, numerical continous |
Nominal - No special order
Rank Order - Worst to least N. Discrete - data with numbers N. Continous - Underlying continous scale (Blood Pressure,age, weight) |
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VARIABLE
Dependent vs. Independent |
Dependent outcome is the outcome.
Independent variables are manipulated. (treatment for disease, oven temperature) |
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SAMPLING
Non-Probability vs Probability |
Non-Prob - no way of forecasting for each element in the population sample
Probability that specific segments will be represented |
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Standard Deviation
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Indicates degree of dispersino about the mean value distribution
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STANDARD DEVIATION
2/3 (68%) lie within ___ SD of the mean 95% lie within ___ SD of the mean |
68% lie within ONE standard deviation
95% lie within TWO standard deviation |
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r = the linear correlation coefficient
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the closer the points the stronger the degree of linear relationship
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r numbers of correlation
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+1 (Perfect Positive) Right Slope
-1 (Pefect Negative) Left Slope 0.0 - 0.4 Weak 0.7-0.9 Strong |
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Skews
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Positively skewed (Moral worth of humanity)
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p Values
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P < 0.05 Significant
P < 0.01 Very Significant P < 0.0001 Very, Very Signficant P > 0.05 Not Very Significant |
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Descriptive Statistics vs. Inferential Statistics
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Descriptive - Summarizes and describes aspects of a set of Data
Inferential - conclusions beyond an immediate data set |
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Chi Square Test
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Tests whether there is a real difference between categories
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T Test
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Significant between 2 populations
Null against alternative hypotheseis. |