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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The involuntary effort to vomit
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The Gag Reflex
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What are the 2 precipitating factors of the gag reflex?
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1. Psychogenic stimuli (originating in the mind) 2. Tactile stimuli ( originating from touch)
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What are the areas most likely to elicit the gag reflex when stimulated?
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1. soft palate 2. lateral posterior third of the tongue
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What happens prior to gag reflex?
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there is a cessation of respiration and contraction of the muscles in the throat and abdomen
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What 4 things should the radiographer be aware of when they have a patient with a hypersensitive gag reflex?
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1. Operator attitude 2. Patient and equipment preparations 3. Exposure sequencing 4. Receptor placement and technique
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What are the 6 helpful hints suggested in the power point?
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1. NEVER suggest gagging 2. DO reassure the patient 3. DO suggest deep breathing 4. DO try to distract the patient 5. Do try to reduce tactile stimuli 6. DO use a topical anesthetic
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Substantial impairment of mental or physical functioning that occurs before the age of 22 and is of indefinite duration
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Developmental Disabilities
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What size films should you use on a pediatric patient?
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Use size 0 films until the child has mixed dentition (then use size 1 or 2)
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Which technique is preferred for PA's on a pediatric patient?
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bisecting
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How many images are there in an FMX of a pediatric patient?
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12 images (2 BW, 3 max PA's, 3 mand PA's, 4 posterior PA's (1 in each quad instead of 2))
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What technique is preferred for PA's on an endodontic patient?
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Parallel technique so there is no distortion of the root
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If a pano is not available, how many PA's should be taken for an FMX of an edentulous patient?
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14 PA's (size 2)
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If the dentist wants occlusal and periapical projections to examine an edentulous patient, how many films should be used?
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6 films: 1 max topographic occlusal projection (size 4), 1 mand cross-sectional occlusal projection (size 4), and 4 standard molar PA's (size 2)
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T/F: The area of the oral cavity that is most likely to elicit the gag reflex when stimulated is the anterior third of the tongue
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FALSE
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T/F: Breathing takes place simultaneously with the gag reflex
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FALSE
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T/F: Psychogentic and tactile stimuli are precipitating factors for the gag reflex.
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TRUE
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T/F: A lack of operator confidence may act as a psychogenic stimulus and contribute to the gag reflex.
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TRUE
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T/F: The longer the film stays in the mouth, the more likely the patient is to gag.
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TRUE
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T/F: Exposure sequence does not play a role in preventing gag reflex.
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FALSE
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T/F: Posterior PA's are always exposed before anterior PA's.
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FALSE
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T/F: The mand molar PA film is most likely to elicit the gag reflex.
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FALSE
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T/F: A film that is dragged along the palatal tissues may stimulate the gag reflex.
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TRUE
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T/F: The dental radiographer should always ask the patient, "Are you a gagger?"
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FALSE
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T/F: If the patient gags, the dental radiographer should remove the film as quickly as possible and reassure the patient.
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False - you're getting graded on the sucker…you keep it in there until you get that shot!
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T/F: If the patient is breathing during film placement and exposure, the gag reflex will not occur
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TRUE
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T/F: The patient with a hypersensitive gag reflex should be instructed to inhale during the application of topical anesthetic spray.
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False
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T/F: During a root canal procedure, film placement is difficult because of the poor visibility of the tooth.
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TRUE
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T/F: The bisecting technique is recommended for the endodontic patient.
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FALSE
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This is the part of the bone that lines the tooth socket, is continuous with the alveolar crest, and (in health) appears as a dense radiopaque line.
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Lamina Dura
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What is another name for the alveolar crest and where is it located?
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"interdental septum" located 1.5-2mm apical to CEJ
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What does the alveolar crest look like in anterior teeth?
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pointed, sharp and very opaque
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What does the alveolar crest look like in the posterior teeth?
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flat, smooth and slightly less dense; it extends parallel to the CEJ's of the adjacent teeth
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This is a thin, radiolucent line between the root and the lamina dura, and is continuous and of uniform thickness
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Periodontal ligament space
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What is triangulation?
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an early widening of the PDL space at the most coronal portion
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Under what circumstances do you see a widened PDL space?
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a widened PDL space is seen with trauma and overuse
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Under what curcumstances do you see a thinner PDL space?
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a thinner PDL space is seen when there is insufficient stimulation to the PDL
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What is often seen on a radiograph as the first sign of periodontitis and bone loss?
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The alveolar crest appears indistinct and fuzzy
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The ______ may look fuzzy even if no disease is present.
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Interdental Septum (Alveolar Crest)
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What is the radiograph of choice when detecting periodontal disease?
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PA's
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How much loss of mineralization must occur before bone loss can be identified on a radiograph?
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30-50%
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T/F: Radiographs give a history of past destruction and do not indicate current disease.
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TRUE
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A high kVp, long scale and low contrast produces ________ shades of gray and are good for ______
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many, perio
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a low kVp, short scale and high contrast provides ______ shades of gray and are good for ______.
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few, caries
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How is bone loss calculated?
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By identifying how much bone remains
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When identifying bones loss, what is used as the plane of reference to distinguish the pattern?
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the CEJ
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Describe the horizontal pattern of bone loss.
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bone loss occurs, but alveolar crest remains parallel with the CEJ's of adjacent teeth
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Describe the vertical pattern of bone loss.
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bone loss doesn't occur in a plane parallel with CEJ's of adjacent teeth. "angular" "infrabony"
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Localized bone loss is when less than _____ of sites are involved.
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30%
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Generalized bone loss is when more than _____ of sites are involved.
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30%
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What is the measurement of the CAL?
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the measurement of the distance in mm from the CEJ to the base of the sulcus or periodontal pocket. Measured as a perceentage of loss.
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What is "mild bone loss?"
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Crestal changes (fuzziness): 1-2 mm
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What is "moderate bone loss?"
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Bone loss of 10-33%: 3-4mm
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What is "severe bone loss?"
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Bone loss of 33% or more: 5mm +
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How do you calculate the CAL?
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Recession + pocket depth = CAL
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What are some examples of predisposing factors?
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diabetes, cancer/chemo, calculus, overhanging fillings, impacted molars, furcation involvement, open-contacts
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What is the preferred method of exposure for receptors documenting perio disease?
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parallel technique
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The term that describes a group of diseases that affect the tissues found around the teeth.
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periodontal
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A term that refers to tissues that invest and support teeth.
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periodontal
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