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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Pubic Speaking |
Features comm between a speaker and audience |
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What is the Speaker & Audience's Role in PS |
Speaker- does most of the talking Audience- listens & gives feedback |
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What do Good Speakers Do? |
-Consider audience's interests & needs -Adapt to the occasion |
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What does PS do? |
Emphasizes spoken word |
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Why study PS? |
Can help you deliver effective presentations in the classroom, on job, and in your community |
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Before the 20th Century, PSers were called ___ and their discourses were called____ |
Orators, orations |
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Oldest known handbook on effective PS was written on ____ in _____ more than _____ years ago. |
Papyrus, Egypt, 4 thousand |
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Famous Orators |
Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, Quintilian |
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Aristotle's Contributions |
Rhetoric, 3 Forms of Public Address, 3 Forms of Influence |
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Rhetoric |
The study of how words can persuade an audience |
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3 Forms of Public Address |
Forensic, Deliberative, Epideictic |
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Forensic |
Guilt/address (ex: court room) |
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Deliberative |
Debate public policy (ex: senate) |
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Epideictic |
Special occasion |
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5 Canons of Rhetoric |
Inventio Dispoitio Elocutio Memoria Actio |
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Inventio |
Invention- generation of ideas for use in speech |
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Dispoitio |
Arrangement- structure, organization |
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Elocutio |
Style- choice of language |
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Memoria |
Memory- preparation, practice |
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Actio |
Delivery- speaker's use of voice and body |
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3 Forms of Influence (Persuasive Speech) |
Logos, Pathos, Ethos |
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Logos |
Reasoned demonstrations |
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Pathos |
Appeals audience feelings |
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Ethos |
Perceived qualities of the speaker |
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Change to PS |
19th century nature of public speech & perception of the speaker changes from orator to public speaker |
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Julia Wood's Definition of Communication |
Systematic process in which people interact with & through symbols to create & interpret meaning |
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Communication: Process |
Ongoing & always in motion, moving ever-forward & changing constantly (can't determine where it starts or ends) |
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Communication: Systematic |
Occur in a system of interrelated parts that affect one another |
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Communication: Symbols |
Abstract, arbitrary, & ambitious representations of other things
(Include language & nonverbal, art & music) |
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Kenneth Burke Quote on Symbols |
"only different between humans & animals is that we are symbol-using beings" |
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Communication: Meaning |
Significance we bestow on phenomena- what we signify to us |
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Anderson & Ross on Meaning |
Meaning is the conscious pattern humans create out of their interpretation of experience. No perfect meeting of the minds- we communicate verbally & non-verbally Sharing meaning between cultures poses own unique issues |
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Communication & Adapting to People & Our Environment |
Communication is often determined upon the context/situation in which we find ourselves |
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Types of Context |
Psychological: moods & attitudes of the participants Physical: location & environment Social: status relationship between participants Cultural: what's acceptable/unacceptable in a particular culture Temporal: time at which the communication takes place |
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Culture |
A group of people who share identity, set of values, belief system Culture defines itself thru communication traditions, taboos, habits, customs, etc. |
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7 Elements of the Mechanical Model of Communication |
Speaker: comm begins with this person Listener: person who receives this message Message: whatever a speaker communicates to someone else Encode: how one chooses to express their ideas (Decode: receiver processes the message & forms their own perception of the message's meaning) Channel: means by which a message is communicated Interference: anything that impedes the communication of a message Situation/Context: time/place in which speech communication occurs |
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Transactional Model of Communication |
New element introduced: feedback (messages sent from listener to speaker) Required with culture and worldview |
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Example of a Powerful Speech Being Prepared |
MLK- Multiple Drafts of Nobel Prize acceptance MLK- 15 hours for each sermon |
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3 Common Problems of Not Preparing |
-Leaving too little time to plan & practice -Focus on length rather than quality -Failing to follow the assignment |
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Speech Anxiety (stage fright) |
-Worry or fear some people experience before giving a speech Ex: sweaty palms, nausea, butterflies in stomach |
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However, a little nervousness |
Can help you focus your attention |
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What is the formal name for the fear of PS/ speech anxiety? |
Glossophobia |
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What does glossophobia produce? |
Fight or flight: physiological reaction that occurs in the presence of something terrifying, either mental or physical |
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Walter Cannon's definition of Fight or Flight |
Reaction inside the body to help the body mobilize its resources to deal with a threatening situation |
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Symptoms of Glossophobia take three forms |
Physical: heavy breathing, motionless, posture Verbal: dry-mouth, words come out confusing/not at all Non-Verbal: Hands in pockets, lack of eye contact |
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Types of Selfs |
Social, spiritual, public, private |
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Social Self |
Conception of self through your social interactions with others Ex: each relationship you have is unique bcause you bring in your social self |
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Material Self |
Total of all tangible things you own Ex: clothes, car, body, etc. |
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Spiritual Self |
Based on your sense of self in a relationship to other forces in the universe |
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Public Self |
What others know about us |
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Private Self |
Part of us we keep to ourselves |
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Psychological Perspective of "the self" |
Set of attributes that a person attaches to him/herself, most firmly, the attributes that the person finds it difficult |
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Philosophical Perspective of "the self" |
The agent, the knower, the ultimate locus of personal identity |
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Communication Perspective of "the self" |
Symbolic interaction argues that we develop our sense of who we are through interactions with others Evolving composition of traits, roles, attitudes, experiences, and our evaluation of how we feel about those elements |
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Self-awareness
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Ability to look at your feelings as a unique individual & to reflect on your feelings, thoughts, and behaviors |
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Self-concept |
Cognitive image of who you are based on beliefs, attitudes, and values |
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Self-esteem |
Value you place on yourself |
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Clear Organization of Speech |
-Imposes order on your presentation by showing the relationship between ideas -Shows that you have taken time to prepare your talk -Enhances your credibility |
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Rhetorical Purpose |
A primary goal for the speech. Focuses the content of the speech. |
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3 Primary Goals for a Speech |
Informing Persuading Special Occasion |
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Speech to Entertain |
Designed to make people laugh but can address serious issues Ex: White House Correspondents' Dinner |
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Main Points |
Major ideas that you will emphasize in your presentation. |
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How to Develop Main Points |
By using subordination |
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5 Types of Speech Organization to choose from |
-Chronological -Spatial -Topical -Cause-and-effect Relationship -Problem-Solution Order |
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Chronological |
(Temporal) Present info in time-based sequence |
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Spatial |
The main points represent important aspects of your topic that can be thought of adjacent to one another in location or geography |
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Topical |
Use when you have a diverse set of main points |
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Cause-and-Effect Relationship |
Casual pattern, chain of events |
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Four Ways to Organize our Words |
Transitions Internal Previews Internal Summaries Signposting |
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Internal Previews |
A short list of the ideas that will follow |
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Internal Summaries |
A quick review of what you just said in your point |
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Signposting |
Numerical indications of the main body points (first, second, third) (one cause, another cause, an additional cause) |
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Organization of a Speech |
-Introduction -Gain audience's attention -Signal Thesis -Show Audience "What's in it for them" -Establish credibility -Preview main points -Transition to your conclusion -Summarize your main points -Finish with a memorable clincher |
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An Effective Introduction... |
-Builds audience interest -Orients audience members to the speech -Establishes your credibility as a speaker |
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A Strong Conclusion... |
Leaves the audience with an enduring impression of your speech |
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Gain Your Audience's Attention |
Attention-getter Story/anecdote Offer a striking or provocative statement Build suspense Let listeners know you're one of them Humor Rhetorical question Quotation |
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Attention-getter |
Brief story, quotation, striking fact/statistic, or funny incident that grabs listeners' attention while also hinging at what your speech will cover |
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Rhetorical Question |
A question that you want listeners to answer in their heads |
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What a thesis should do... |
-Reveal the speech's "bottom line" -Clearly convey your topic & your purpose for delivering the presentation |
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Preview Your Main Points |
-Preview -Use signposts to help listeners understand the structure of your speech |
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Summarize your main points |
Summary is a brief review of your main points |
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Clincher |
-30 seconds long -Leave an imprint on audience members' minds |
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Ways to Craft a good Clincher |
Be related to an introduction or be a statement or quotation that characterizes the content of the speech |
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Outlining |
Contains text of speech in complete sentences or briefer phrases |
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What you should outlines for
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Practice speech |
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Two Stages of Outlines |
Working outline Speaking Outline |
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Working Outline |
Thorough outline used to craft your speech. Full sentences, everything, explains points in detail |
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Speaking Outline |
Phrases or keywords, just the bare minimum, gets straight to the point |
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What kind of outlines facilitates extemporaneous delivery
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Speaking outline |
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Extemporaneous Delivery |
Using only notes for reference, rather than reading your speech to the audience word-for-word |
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Body of Speech |
Core of the speech & is where you present your main message about your topic. Outline before you outline introduction. |
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Outlining the body of your speech |
Use proper labeling & indentation Use full sentences or detailed phrases Check for subordination Insert transition |
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Subordination |
Creating a hierarchy of points and their supporting materials Each main point must relate to specific purpose & each subpoint must relate to the main point that it supports |
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Transitions |
A sentence that indicates you are moving from one idea to another |
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Introduction Order
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I. Attention-getter II. Topic or thesis statement III. Connection with the audience IV. Speaker's credibility V. Preview of main points |
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Conclusion Order |
I. Summary of main points II. Clincher |