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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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The scientific study of behavior and the mind.
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Hypothesis
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A specific testable prediction, often derived from a theory.
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Control Group
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Research participants not exposed to an independent variable.
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Operational Definition
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A concrete definition of a research variable in terms of the procedures needed to control and measure it.
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Experimental Group
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Research participants exposed to an independent variable.
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Replication
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The process of repeating a study to see if the results are reliable enough to be duplicated.
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False Consensus Effect
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The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.
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Random Sample
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A method of selection in which everyone has an equal chance of being chosen.
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Independent Variable
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Any variable that the researcher manipulates in an experiment.
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Dependent Variable
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A variable that is being measured in an experiment.
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Placebo
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An inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent.
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Placebo Effect
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The curative effect of an inactive treatment that results simply from the patient's belief in its theraputic value.
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Hindsight Bias
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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. The "I knew it all along" phenomemon.
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Mean
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The arithmetic average of a distribution. Obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.
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Median
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The middle score in a distribution. Half the scores are above it and half are below it.
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Critical Thinking
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Thinking that does not blindly accept arugments and conclusions. Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence.
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Correlational Research Method
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A method used to determine the extent to which two factors vary together and how well either factor predicts the other.
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Experimental Research Method
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An investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable) while controlling other relevant factors by random assignment of subjects.
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
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1. Develop a theory.
2. Formulate a hypothesis. 3. Provide operational definitions. 4. Design a study. 5. Collect the data. 6. Analyze the results. 7. Draw conclusions. |
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What are the three enduring issues in psychology?
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1. Heredity vs. Environment
2. Stability vs. Change 3. Irrationality vs. Rationality |
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Who founded the first psychology lab in 1879?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Who wrote the first psychology textbook in 1890?
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William James
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Who developed a method of therapy called psychoanalysis that focused on the unconscious determinants of behavior?
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Sigmund Freud
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Psychological perspective founded in 1913 by John Watson.
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Behaviorism
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Which psychologist focused on the role of reinforcement in 1953?
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B.F. Skinner
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What type of psychology expanded the concept of behavior to include thoughts, feelings, and states of consciousness?
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Cognitive Psychology
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What are the two sub-fields within psychology?
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1. Basic Research- A pure science that seeks to increase the scientific knowledge base.
2. Applied Research- Applying scientific knowledge to solve practical problems. |
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What are the APA guidelines for the ethical treatment of human subjects?
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1. Informed consent, right to refuse.
2. Minimal risk- no more than the amount in daily life. 3. Debriefing- Purposes and deceptive procedures explained. |
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What are the APA guidelines for the ethical treatment of animal subjects?
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1. Researchers must ensure appropriate consideration of the animal's comfort, health, and humane treatment.
2. Animals may not be subjected to pain , stress, or privation when an alternate procedure is available. |
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Behavioral Neuroscience
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Examines the links between neural activity in the brain and behavior.
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Behavioral Genetics
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Examines the effects of genes on psychological makeup and behavior.
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Behaviorism
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A school of thought that defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior.
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Cognition
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A general term that refers to mental processes such as thinking, knowing, and remembering.
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Social Psychology
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The study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations.
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