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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of psychology, sociology and anthropology |
Psychology: is the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a given context Sociology: the study of development, structure, & function Anthropology- the study of humankind |
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Brain Function: Frontal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Wernicke's Area, Broca's Area |
Frontal- personality, problem solving, social interaction, movement Temporal- memory function, emotional responses Occipital- visual perception, color recognition Parietal- pain & touch, speech, visual perception, info processing Wernick’s Area: spoken language is understood Broca’s Area: speech production & facial control |
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Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development |
sensorimotor (0-2) child understands the world through their senses (ego-centric) pre-operational (2-7) assume everyone sees things the same way they do. Can use their imagination to expand knowledge (ex. symbols represent objects) but have difficulty w/ abstract concepts (ex. time) concrete operational (7-13) ability to think abstractly and make rational judgements about concrete/observable phenomena. Can use deductive and inductive reasoning to solve problems but have difficulty w/ abstract ideas formal operational (13-19) cognition in its final form- no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgements. Capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning |
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Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development |
preconventional morality (what will happen to me?) stage 1: punishment oriented (obey authority) stage 2: pleasure-seeking oriented (make deals w/ authority) conventional morality (how will my actions be perceived?) stage 3: “good person” oriented (approval of peers) stage 4: law-oriented post-conventional morality (will I be able to live with the consequences of my actions?) stage 5: good of the community oriented stage 6: morality of the individual oriented |
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Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development & Personality |
1. trust vs. mistrust (age 1): uncertainty of world, caregiver represents trust and allows it to develop 2. autonomy vs. doubt (age 2): trying to assert independence (ex. choosing own clothing), test their abilities and limits 3. initiative vs. guilt (age 3-5): asking questions, playing w/ others-- leadership interactions 4. industry vs. inferiority (age 6-12): develops sense of confidence and capabilities in completing specific tasks-- seek out approval & praise but some failure is good for humility 5. identity vs. role confusion (age 12-18): experimenting, independence, belonging to society, confusion, exploring possibilities 6. intimacy vs. isolation (age 18-40): longer term commitments 7. generativity vs. stagnation (age 40-65): raising children, work, family, being more involved 8. integrity vs. despair (age 65+): look back on life, examine accomplishments or failures, want closure |
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Personality Cluster A |
Paranoid - suspicion, argumentative, paranoid, continually on the lookout for trickery and abuse, jealous, tendency to blame others,cold & humorless Schizoid - has few friends, ‘a loner’; indifferent to praise and criticism of others; unable to form close relationships; no warm or tender feelings for other people Schizotypal - aloof and indifferent; magical thinking; superstitious beliefs; uses unusual words & has peculiar ideas; a very mild form of schizophrenia |
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Personality Cluster B |
Antisocial - pervasive of disregard rights of other people; manipulation, deceit; hurt/torment of things, puts self in danger; don’t experience remorse for others Histrionic - overly dramatic; attention seekers; easily angered; seductive; dependant on others; vain, shallow, and manipulative; displays intense, but often false emotions Narcissistic - sense of self-worth is troubled; deserve special treatment; fantasize of success & power; relationships lack intimacy; status is important; arrogant; manipulative Borderline - very unstable relationships; erratic emotions; self-damaging behaviour; impulsive; unpredictable aggressive and sexual behaviour; easily angered |
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Personality Cluster C |
Avoidant - hypersensitive to negative evaluation; thinks people will reject/judge; avoid social situations; limit to develop social skills; believe they’re not good enough; avoid personal situations; come across as stiff/restricted; limited social world; interfere with ability to make friends Dependant - strong need to take care of others - fear of losing others; tend to be clingy; difficulty standing up for themselves; vulnerable to manipulation & abuse; difficult to express disagreement & make independent situations; being alone is hard; seek others if relationship with someone else ends; needs assistance Obsessive - preoccupied with rules, regulations, and orderliness; preoccupation with perfectionism and control is at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency |
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4 Types of Treatments |
Psychoanalytic - dig up the past to clarify the present; analyst’s job is to offer interpretation & insight Humanistic - aim is to increase self-awareness and self-acceptance; focus on present and future; thought that potential for self-fulfillment already exists Behavioral - to replace fearful thoughts and related behaviors with constructive thoughts & actions; systematic desensitization, aversive conditioning, operant conditioning - counterconditioning - associate new response to situations Cognitive - thinking affects how we feel; used for depression; change self-defeating and destructive thoughts as well as innapropriate behaviors to constructive |
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Nature Vs. Nurture |
a term related to whether hereditary or the environment most impacts human psychological development (behavior, habits,intelligence, personality, aggressive tendencies, etc.) nature- a person’s sense of nativism or innatism shapes the way they behave in certain situations as opposed to nurture- a person’s experiences shape the way they are and act in certain situations |
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Socialization |
process of learning how to behave - experience what the norms are in society and that there are consequences and rewards you experience to shape your behaviour into who you are today |
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Types of Socialization |
Primary Socialization: Basic skills needed to survive in a society (language, hygiene, eating) Secondary Socialization: Acting appropriately (rules for school or church) Anticipatory Socialization: Planning ahead for new situations (anticipating appropriate clothing/formal behavior) Re-Socialization: Transforming old behavior into new behavior (correctional facilities, training session for a new job) |
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Primary and Secondary Groups |
Primary groups are those that are close-knit. They are typically small scale, include intimate relationships, and are usually long lasting. The members of primary groups feel a strong personal identity with the group Secondary groups can be small or large and are mostly impersonal and usually short term. These groups are typically found at work and school; group members may have some similar interests, the purpose of the group is about the task instead of the relationships - goal-oriented |
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Values/Norms |
Norms: rules within a society, can be formal or informal Values: a person's principles or standards of behavior; one's judgment of what is important in life |
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Parenting Styles |
Neglectful - uninvolved, low responsiveness, full fill child's needs but detached from life Authoritarian - absolute control, not responsive to children, unquestioning obedience Authoritative - establish rules/guidelines that are expected to follow, nurturing and forgiving Permissive - low expectation of maturity and self-control, child walks all over parent, more concerned with being child’s best friend |
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Birth Order |
Oldest Child - usually set up as an example to other children; treated more like an adult by his/her parents; a high achiever; independent Middle Child - may be work extra hard to get recognition' usually peace maker; usually calm, even tempered; sometimes can get lost in the shuffle Youngest Child - gets a lot of attention; may be spoiled; usually matures quickly; is easy-going about school Only Child - similar characteristics of a first born; more confident, articulate, imaginative; expect a lot from others; hate criticism; inflexible |
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Toys and Play |
How you interact with a toy, how you interact with someone else through the toy (building blocks, super heroes, dolls, tea set) Super heroes - pretend to be the hero, allows the child to show direction, task oriented Dolls - pretend to be the doll, allows the child to be welcoming, role play the social environment (mother/daughter) |
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Group Influences - deindividuation, social facilitation, social loafing, groupthink, group polarization |
Social Loafing - exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group then when alone (rope pulling effort) Social Facilitation - tendency to do better on simple tasks when in the presence of others De-Individualization - process by which a group member lose their self-awareness Group Polarization - tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members Groupthink - occurs within a group of people, desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making |
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Branches of Anthropology |
Archeology - the study of the past through physical remains; Indiana Jones (pot hunter & looter); more interested in context than relics. In fact, anthropological archaeologists are just as interested in garbage and feces as they are in relics Physical Anthropology - primarily concerned with humans as a biological species; most closely related to natural sciences; major research areas - human evolution, modern human variation; sub-disciplines - paleoanthropology, primatology, forensics, genetics, study crimes (massacres, terrorism) Anthropological linguistics - linguistic anthropologists tend to study things like the use of language in society; the basic study of the structure of languages now mostly outside anthropology Cultural Anthropology - originally cultural anthropologists were expected to go out to far parts of the globe to study ‘savages’ or ‘primitives’; modern societies were left to sociologists - assumption that primitives were living fossils, the remnants of past stages in human evolution - cultural anthropologists tend to study people in small communities, to do what is called participant observation; however, the focus is to think systematically and seriously about how cultures and social groups work, and to understand human actions in their cultural content |
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Human evolution (Donald Johanson, Charles Darwin, Louis and Mary Leakey, Raymond Dart) |
Donald Johanson - paleoanthropologist, found skeleton (member of human family) that walked the earth 3.2 million years ago, in 2006 found another (skull, legs, both shoulders, part vertebral column, several ribs) body was adapted for walking upright, hyoid bone (bone found in the larynx that supports the muscles in the throat and tongue), this is important to the research of origins of human speech Charles Darwin - established concept of natural selection, suggested humans evolved in africa Raymond Dart - anatomist, examined a skull that was more human than ape like, declared it an early form of human, first person to provide evidence of humanity of the African origin Louis and Mary Leakey - found further proof using radiometric dating |
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Role of ancient stones |
Accurately date a site and discover more about the hominins who used them; most effective part is the small flake leftover from making the large core |
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Primatology (how do they study, human/ape similarities & differences) |
They observe primates both in their natural habitats and in the laboratory |
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Culture & identity |
Culture shapes society as they adapt, over time in response to internal or external changes, such as new technologies or changes in climate or population. Culture is defined as what people do, what people make, and what people believe. Society is merely an expression of our beliefs (culture) |
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Rites & passages (purpose, process and elements) |
A rite of passage is a ceremony, ritual or event that marks an individual’s passage from one stage of life to another; they exist because it marks a change in life or status; the three stage processes includes segregation, transition, and incorporation & reintegration |
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Three Stage Process (rites and passages) |
Segregation - when the person is separated from the rest of the society and his/her original status; often includes a geographic change as well as a change in physical appearance Transition - also known as liminal stage; person that goes through it is becoming his/her new self and learning the new role; differs between culture to culture Incorporation & Reintegration - person is reintegrated into regular society in his/her new role-they are marked with scars, tattoos, or body paint-sometimes they give up something symbolically |
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Culture & Body Art |
Males of specific cultures would undergo a painful and lengthy process to indicate their status as adults In samoa, at adolescence, men of the chiefly or noble rank would have the pe’a - an intricate tattoo covering their body from waist to knee - was classified as a sacred thing, compared to people in canadian society who got them just as art; was originally a way to express identity |
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Phineas Gage |
A man who, during a work incident, had a large metal rod shot through his head; rod entered through his left cheek and exited out the back of his head; did not die, remained conscious through the incident Case study helped us understand how the different parts of the brain differ and control different aspects of ourselves Doctors were able to piece together the connection from the frontal lobe to our personality - Phineas’ friends and family noticed a dramatic change in the way he acted and his personality after the incident; frontal lobe= centre of personality |
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Lesbian brain |
Made three groups of people smell male and female pheromones and monitored their responses 3 groups: straight females, straight males, and lesbians Non-attraction: olfactory Attraction: hypothalamus Findings: lesbians and males processed the male pheromones in the olfactory, whereas straight females processed it in the hypothalamus |
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Secrets of the Mind (Phantom Limb Syndrome) |
Pain in a limb that is no longer there If one loses a limb, the area of the brain that would control that limb no longer gets any sensation, it allows other parts of the brain to move into its space and therefore take other sensations from things such as the face |
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Secrets of the Mind (Blind Sight) |
A person whose brain has been damaged and has gone blind can still see for example, with just the left side of their eye. It can be possible to see movement with no form or orientation of an object but lack the ability to put it all together. Two kinds of awareness: one that wont help you name things as part of your sight (i.e. feeling like someone is watching you) and one that is consciously looking (damaged). |
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Secrets of the Mind (Visual Neglect) |
Vision is normal but the "radar system" on one side does not consciously work/not noticed consciously (ex. only being able to draw one side of a daisy and thinking it was drawn correctly until someone points it out. Shows how damage to visual part of the brain affects consciousness |
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Secrets of the Mind (Capgras Delusion) |
A belief that someone is not actually that person. For example, believing your father is an imposter or that your home is an imitation. Damage to the part of your brain that reacts emotionally to a person or thing means that you do not feel the "warmth" that you know you should feel when seeing your mother, causing you to feel it is not them. |
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Secrets of the Mind (Temporal Lobe Epilepsy) |
Triggering intense spiritual auras with damage to the temporal lobe through temporal lobe seizures. Unlike Capgras Delusion, now there are emotional connections to everything. |
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Sybil |
A woman in her twenties who was suffering from dissociative identity disorder (DID), otherwise known as multiple personalities disorder. Throughout movie, you are introduced to the symptoms which she portrayed, as well as the different personalities she possessed. Close to end of movie, you find out the different triggers of her personalities; things that reminded her about what her mother did to torture her - cause for her multiple personalities was the abuse she got from her mother when she was a child Mostly all of her personalities were children, who possessed characteristics which were ruined for her by her mother when she was young (ex Vicky; played and loved piano, Sybil’s mother tortured her with playing the piano) Doctor Wilbur - psychologist that helps Sybil throughout the movie. Helps her face those horrific memories of her mother; one method of use included hypnosis At end of movie, sybil was able to recognize her illness and was eventually cured after sometime |
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Bystander effect |
Aim - To see the percentage of people who would seek help if someone was in a life threatening situation Procedure - Recruited university students and told them that they would be taking part in a discussion about personal problems. It would be a conversation over a microphone. 5 treatment conditions, one is a one-on-one conversation, adding more people until the last one is a group of 6 participants. Experiments would measure response time of subject to leave room, and ask for help. Observations - Only 3% of the subjects in a group conservation asked for help. Most of the subjects didn’t bother to look for help for the suffering participant. In the one-on-one conversation, 85% of the subjects asked for help. Conclusions - People react more to an emergency when there are less people around. Individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present. Reasons = diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance; connects with Kitty Genovese case |
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Bystander Joins In |
Experiment: two people sitting on benches across from each other at Grand Central Station started a conversation, one announced that they had been shopping and had bought a frisbee. The other asked to see it so the first threw the frisbee across to the other. They began throwing it across back and forth, and eventually threw it to a third person. The third person (bystander) either enthusiastically threw it back, or accused them of being childish (independent variable). They then threw the frisbee to other people, who were counted as participating if they returned the frisbee twice. The number of people that participate depends on the reaction of the first bystander |
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Margaret Mead |
Traveled to New Guinea to research gender roles and temperament of the local culture The Arapesh - Do not distinguish gender roles; men & women are raised to be cooperative, passive, sensitive, nonviolent; both are seen as primary givers; share tasks like hunting/gathering The Tchambuli - women are more dominant and violent - men focus on looking pretty; women organize hunting & make important decisions while men are submissive and passive The Mundagumor - Men and women share the same roles in society - men and women are both violent and ruthless; no soft characteristics; no caregiving to children; ritualistic cannibalism and headhunting is common; ideal is violent aggressive male with violent aggressive female |
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Born a Boy Raised a Girl |
Born with twin Brother, Brian; penis was destroyed during botched circumcision Psychologist John Money decided it would be easier if they raised Bruce as a girl, Brenda Doctor worked with both brothers for almost a decade and reported that reassignment was successful Milton Diamond reported that Reimer failed to identify as a female since the age of 10, and transformed to living as a male at age 15 David developed severe depression and Brian developed schizophrenia Both brothers committed suicide 2 years apart before the age of 40 Nature plays an important role when talking about this case study Genetics always come out on top in times like this - gender identity |
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Anna |
Born an illegitimate child; grandfather disapproved of her mother’s behavior (and Anna) Mother tried to give her to an agency but none would deal with financial burden (great depression) She was kept in a dark room for 5 ½ years, barely given enough to keep her alive (cow milk) Tied to a chair and believed to have been tied to a cot; found at the age of 6, suffered of malnutrition, immobile, expressionless and indifferent to everything; believed to be deaf (lack of responsiveness) but was found to be functional deafness rather than organic Could not walk, talk, feed herself or do anything that showed signs of intelligence By the age of 9 she began speaking, and started to conform to social norms Died at the age of 10 |
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Killing Us Softly 4 |
Women are typically expected to cook, clean and be nurturing. They are expected to take care of the children and the husband and put others in front of her own needs Jean Kilbourne began to notice ads directed to make women feel ashamed of their bodies and aimed to make them want to change themselves to make others happy Noticed common themes and decided that we are presented by media with the idea that we are supposed to have our main focus aimed toward looking “flawless” We do not feel personally affected because the impact of advertisements is subconscious. Ads sell more than products do, so we are expected to be objectified by these ads |
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Ape Genius |
Chimpanzees in Senegal make and sharpen spears with their teeth to go hunting. Like our own ancestors they have learned to use tools to kill their quarry more effectively. They use their colossal strength to thrust their spears into holes in trees where they suspect nocturnal bushbabies are sleeping. Anthropologist Jill Pruetz believes she has made a landmark discovery - a species other than humans learning - and passing on - the skills to make a lethal weapon. The generation of ideas and sharing a skill is a scientific definition of culture. In another part of Africa a young chimp lowers himself gingerly into a cooling pool and squealing with excitement - in exactly the same way as a human child would. Apes are supposed to be afraid of water but this one is actively using the water as a tool to enjoy a dip |
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Male and female Rites of passage |
Male rites of passage are more common than female rites because it comes with a larger period of adolescence Male initiation rites are sometimes more painful and traumatic, especially among societies that engage in warfare regularly Ritual is different than Maasai boy’s initiation because they are undergoing the rite of passage to become a Maasai warrior |
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Indiana Jones: Raiders of the Lost Ark |
?? |
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Isabelle |
Born an illegitimate child; mother became deaf as a result of an accident and became a deaf-mute Was not educated-the two were kept secluded in a dark room for her whole life, separated from the rest of the family; the mother was not permitted to leave, but eventually escaped with Isabelle Because of lack of sunlight (vitamin d), she had rickets and was unable to walk but underwent surgery and was able to walk and move properly All she could do to communicate was croak but she had learned to communicate w/ her mother through gestures-she was considered of normal intelligence by the age of 8 |
