Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
According to your textbook, the goal of psychology are to |
describe, explain, predict, and change behavior |
|
You belive hat most behaviors are a product of your environment; your best friend argues that behaviors are a result of heredity. This is an example of ____ |
the nature-nurture controversy |
|
Dr. DiMassio is studying PET (brain) scans in patients with schizophrenia and comparing them to PET scans in people who have no psychological disorders. It is likely that Dr. DiMassio is a ___ |
neuropsychologist |
|
The term "introspection" means ____ |
looking inward |
|
Thy psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective is associated with ____ |
Freud |
|
The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of the theory of personality? |
Psychoanalytic |
|
Dr. Watson, from the ___ school of psychology, focused on objective, observable behavior rather than on the unconscious. |
behaviorism |
|
According to the humanistic perspective, human behavior is determined by ___ causes. |
voluntary |
|
Natural selection, adaptation, and the evolution of behavior patterns are major emphases in the __ perspective of psychology. |
evolutionary |
|
In ___ research, a researcher observes or measures (without manipulating) two or more variables to find relationships b/w them, w/o inferring a casual relationship. |
correlational |
|
Gideon has been injected with radioactive glucose, and his Dr. is observing the activity levels in various parts of his brain, Gideon is having a(n) _____ |
PET scan |
|
How, when, and where facial expressions are expressed are called ____. |
display rules |
|
The interdisciplinary field that studies how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes is called |
neuroscience |
|
A neuron is ____ |
a cell of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical info |
|
The cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support for neurons are called ____ cells |
glial |
|
The long tube-like structure that conveys impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons, muschles, or glands is called a(n) |
axon |
|
What is the basic function of a neuron? |
To transmit info to and from the brain and spinal cord |
|
A synapse is a _____ |
gap b/w neurons |
|
Then Central Nervous System (CNS) is divided into two main divisions. What are they? |
The brain and spinal cord |
|
A collection of glands found througout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to effect behavioral change or maintain normal bodily function is called the |
endocrine system |
|
Growth, reproduction, moods and our responses to stress are all controlled by our ____ |
hormones |
|
The CNS _____ |
consists of the brain and spinal cord |
|
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change its ____ in response to environmental conditions |
structure and function |
|
The generation of new neurons is called _____ |
neurogenesis |
|
____ are the immature, precursors that give birth to new, specialized cells. |
Stem cells |
|
THis structure at the base of the brain, behind the brainstem, is responsible for maintaining smooth movements, balance, and some aspects of perception and cognition |
Cerebellum |
|
What is the major sensory relay area for the brain? |
Thalamus |
|
The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus are all parts of the _____ system |
Limbic |
|
This almond-shaped structure is part of the limbic system and helps regulate emotion |
Amygdala |
|
Motor control, speech production, thinking, personality, emotion, and memory are all goverened by your ______ lobe |
frontal |
|
The ____ lobes are involved with hearing, language comprehension, memory, and some emotional control |
temporal |
|
This is the name of the buncle of nerve fibers that carries info b/w the brain's right and left hemisperes. |
Corpus callosum |
|
The study of genetic and environmental influences o/ behavior is called |
behavioral genetics |
|
____ are threadlike strands of DNA molecules that carry genetic info |
Chromosome |
|
This is a measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors |
Heritability |
|
The term _____ refers to the evolutionary concept that those with adaptive genetic traits will live and reproduce |
natural selection |
|
More than half of the mortality from the top 5 leading causes of death in the world come from: |
Factors within our control |
|
A stressor is defined as |
An environmental trigger that prompts a stressful reaction |
|
Acoording to Selye, pleasant, positive, desirable stress is called |
Eustress |
|
Then end result of a total absence of stress is |
death |
|
____ is one of the largest sources of chronic stress for adults |
Work |
|
THe stressor that includes role conflict and burnout is ___ |
job stress |
|
When one is forced to choose b/w two or more different and imcompatible personal or professional functions, one is experiencing |
role conflict |
|
A state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion attributable to long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situation is called
|
burnout |
|
Small problems of daily living that accumulate and sometimes become a major source of stress are called |
hassles |
|
According to your text, the degree frustration you fell is related to |
your level of motivation to achieve a blocked goal |
|
____ is an unpleasant state of tension, anxiety, and heightened sympathetic activity that results from a blocked goal |
Frustration |
|
A negative emotional state caused by having to choose b/w two or more incompatible goals or impulses is called |
Conflict |
|
Moya really wants to stay home and talk to her best friend on the telephone tonight, but she also wants to go out w/ her new boyfriend tonight. This is an example of _____ conflict |
an approach-approach |
|
In a _____ conflict, a person must choose b/w two or more alternatives that each have both desirable and undesirable results |
approach-avoidance |
|
The body's immediate fight-or-flight response is facilitated by the _____ system(s) |
SAM
|
|
____ plays a critical role in the long-term effects of stress, and it is the most common measure of stress |
Cortisol |
|
The body's steate of equillibrium is called |
homeostasis |
|
The fight or flight response is triggered by the ___ nervous system |
Sympathetic |
|
A physicological alarm reaction, folled by resistance, and ending w/ exhaustion is known as the ______ syndrome |
general adaptation
|
|
Intense ambition, competition, exaggerated time urgency, and a cynical, hostile outlook on life are associated w/ |
Type A Personalities |
|
A calm, patient, relaxed attitude toward life is associated w/ |
Type B personality |
|
People who interpret stress as challenging and interesting rather than threatening or frustrating are exhibiting |
hardiness |
|
____ is an attempt to manage stress in some effective way |
Coping |
|
In simple terms, coping is defined in your text as |
managing stress in an effective way |
|
Sensory receptors are
|
cells specialized to detect and respond to stimulus energy.
|
|
Transduction is the process of converting |
environmental stimuli into neural impulses |
|
A subliminal stimulus refers to any stimulus that is |
presented below the threshold of a person's conscious awareness |
|
Vision and hearing are a result of our perception of |
light and sound waves |
|
This is the curved, tough, protective transparent shield on the front of the eye through which light enters |
Cornea |
|
THe iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the opening of the |
pupil |
|
The cones on the retina are sensitive to |
color and fine detail |
|
The point on the retina that contains only cones and is responsible for our sharpest vision is called the |
fovea |
|
Farsightedness occurs whent eh cornea and lens |
Focus an image behind the retina |
|
The theory of color vision proposed by Thomas Young that says color perception results from mixing three distinct color systems is called the |
trichromatic theory |
|
The structure that funnels sound from the outer ear is the |
auditory canal |
|
The fluid-filled structure that contains receptors fro hearing is the |
cochlea |
|
The theory that explains how we hear higher-pitched sounds is the |
place theory |
|
Natural body scents that may affect the behavior of others, including sexual behavior are called |
pheromones |
|
Your balance, or the ability to know your body orientation and posistion w/ respect to gravity and three-dimensional space, is provided by the ____ sense |
vestibular |
|
Posture, orientation and body movements are part of the |
kinesthetic sense |
|
A false impression of the environment is called |
an illusion |
|
Car alarms that change from a siren to a honking horn and back again are attempting to prevent |
habituation |
|
The tendency for the environment to be perceived as remaining the same even w/ changes in sensory input is called |
perceptual constancy |
|
_____ is your ability to judge distance and perceive three dimensional space |
Depth Perception |
|
A binocular cue is one which requires _____ to perceive depth or distance |
Two eyes |
|
_____ refers to a binocular cue that comes from the separation of the eyes, which causes different images to fall on each retina |
Retinal disparity |
|
______ is the readiness to perceive in a particular manner, based on expectations |
Perceptual set |
|
Consciousness is defined in your text as |
an awareness of one's self and one's surrondings |
|
_______ require minimal attention such as walking, talking on a cell phone |
Automatic Processes |
|
Mental activities that require focused attention are called |
controlled processes |
|
Circadian rhythms are _____ |
biological changes that occur on a 24-hr cycle |
|
The sleep stage marked by irregular breathing, eye movements, high-frequency brain waves and dreaming is called ____ sleep |
REM |
|
THe evolutionary/ circadian theory of sleep says that sleep |
conserves energy and protects us from predators |
|
The repair/restoration theory of sleep says that sleep serves |
a recuperative function, following depletion of key brain and body resources. |
|
Freud believed that dreams were the "royal road to the _____" |
unconscious |
|
THe _____ content of a dream contains the surface symbols that disguise the underlying meaning of the dream |
manifest |
|
The ____ content of a dream is the true, unconscious meaning of the dream |
latent |
|
The idea that dreams are the by-product of random stimulation of brain cells, and that the brain attempts to combine this spontaneous activity into coherent patterns, is known as the ____ hypothesis of dreaming |
activation-synthesis |
|
The persistent inability to fall or stay asleep, or awakening too early is a symptom of |
insomnia |
|
A nightmare occurs during |
REM |
|
Psychoactive drugs |
change conscious experience, mood, or perceptions |
|
The condition that compels someone to use a specific drug or engage in a certain activity is called |
addiction |
|
A desire or craving to achieve the effects produced by a drug is called |
psychological dependence |
|
When repeated drug use causes changes in the body that require continued drug use to prevent withdrawal symptoms, a state of ____ has been reached |
physical dependence |
|
Discomfort and distress, including physical pain and intense cravings after stopping the use of an addictive drug is called |
withdrawal |
|
Singh finds that he has to drink several more beers to get the same buzz he used to get w/ one or two. It is likely that SIngh has developed |
a tolerance to alcohol |
|
A drug that has a molecular structure similar to the body's own neurotransmitter is called |
an agonist |
|
____ act on the CNS to suppress or slow bodily processes and reduce overall responsiveness |
Depressants |
|
____ act on the nervous system to increase its overall activitiy and general responsiveness |
Stimulants |
|
____ is a group of techniques designed to focus attention, block out distractions and produce an altered state of consciousness |
Meditation |
|
_____ is an alternate state of heightened suggestibility characterized by deep relaxation and intense focus |
Hypnosis |