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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 Parts of memory
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1. Encoding
2. Storage 3. Retrieval |
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2 types of encoding
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1. Automatic Processing
2. Effortful Processing |
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Automatic Processing
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Processing an enormous amount of information effortlessly.
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3 things we process automatically
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1. Space
2. Time 3. Frequency |
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Effortful Processing
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Committing novel information to memory requires effort just like learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories
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Key component that enables us to retain information
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rehearsal
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2 Memory Effects
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1. Spacing Effect
2. Serial Position Effect |
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Spacing Effect
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We retain information better when we rehearse it over time.
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Serial Position Effect
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When your recall is better for the first and last items on a list: primacy and recency
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3 ways we encode
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1. Encoding meaning
2. Visual Encoding 3. Organizational Encoding |
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Encoding meaning
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Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine. Encoding meaning (semantic encoding) results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding.
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Mnemonics
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Memory aids- imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory.
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Organizational encoding
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break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories
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2 types of organizational encoding
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1. Chunking
2. Hierarchies |
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3 Stores of Memory
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1. Sensory Memory
2. Working Memory 3. Long-term Memory |
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Working memory
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A newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory
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Capacity of working memory
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7+/-2
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Duration of working memory
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20 seconds
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Capacity of long term memory
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unlimited
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What was discovered using the Aplysia?
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When learning occurs, the slug releases more of the neurotransmitter serotonin at certain synapses. These synapses then become more efficient at transmitting signals.
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Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
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Prolonged enhancement of neural transmission between two neurons (= synaptic enhancement after learning)
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Heightened emotions and Memory
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Heightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memories
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2 types of long term memories
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1. Explicit Memory (declarative)
2. Implicit Memory (nondeclarative) |
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Explicit Memory
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Declarative. Facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
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2 parts of explicit memory
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1. facts- general knowledge
2. Personally experienced events |
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Explicit memory takes place..
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Hippocampus
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Example of Explicit memory
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What year did Obama become president? 2008
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Implicit memory
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Nondeclarative. Involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what she knows.
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2 parts of implicit memory
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1. Skills- motor and cognitive
2. Classical and operant conditioning effects |
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Implicit memory takes place…
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Cerebellum
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Example of implicit memory
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we can type without looking at the keyboard but we can't map out the keyboard if asked.
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Retrieval Cues
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Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory
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Priming
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To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it
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Contextual effect
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Scuba diver example
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Deju Vu
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"I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
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State-dependent memory
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We usually recall experiences that are consistent with our mood. For instance, if we learn something while we are depressed, we will be able to more easily retrieve it at another time we are depressed.
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Forgetting
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An inability to retrieve information
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3 reasons for forgetting
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1. Encoding failure
2. Poor storage (=storage decay) 3. Retrieval Failure |
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Encoding failure
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we cannot remember what we don not encode
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Poor Storage
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(= storage decay). Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay. Unused information will fade away.
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Retrieval failure
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Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed. Tip of the tongue is a retrieval failure phenomenon.
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Interference
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Learning some new information may disrupt retrieval of other information
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2 types of interference
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1. Proactive
2. Retroactive |
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Proactive interference
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(forward acting) occurs when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later
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Example of proactive interference
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French learned beforehand, interferes proactively with a Spanish exam
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Retroactive interference
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(backward acting) occurs when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier. Prevented by sleep!
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Example of retroactive interference
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Spanish learned afterwards interferes retroactively with a French exam
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Motivated forgetting
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people unknowing revise their memories
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Repression
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A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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Memory Construction
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While tapping our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent
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Misinformation effect
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Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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Source Amnesia
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attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution)
*Psychologist rape suspect |
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Memory source
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A frailest part of our memory- don't remember the context of our remembered details.
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7 ways to improve memory
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1. study repeatedly to boost long term recall
2. Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material 3. Make material personally meaningful 4. Use mnemonic devices 5. activate retrieval cues- mentally recreate the situation and mood 6. Recall events while they are fresh- before you encounter misinformation 7. minimize interference |
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2 ways to minimize interference
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1. test your own knowledge.
2. Rehearse then determine what you do not yet know |
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Recall
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The person must retrieve information using effort.
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Recognition
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The person must identify an item among other choices.
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A multiple choice test requires
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recognition
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A fill in the blank tests requires
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recall
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