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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Research for improving eyewitness accuracy should aim
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to increase justice system's capacity to discriminate between the guilty and the innocent (NOT to raise conviction rates)
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Eyewitness research
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Kapardis - need more field research, not just laboratory research
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Information processing and the eyewitness
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processing stages affecting EW recall
- perception - encoding - retention - retrieval |
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Eyewitness - Perception
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impoverished perceptual conditions generally reduce accuracy and detail of recall
- expectation likely to affect perception, particularly under bad conditions or duration of incident very short |
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Eyewitness - Encoding
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state-dependent recall and mood,etc during encoding
- alcohol and drug effects on encoding - stress and arousal |
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Eyewitness - Retention
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trace decay
- memory for a face seems to be better than memory for a voice Retroactive Interference - overlaying of original information - incorporation of post-event information and reflections into original story - 'firming up' of uncertain images, etc |
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Eyewitness - Retrieval
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Recognition (cued) superior to ('free') recall
- both involved in ew evidence Reconstructive, not videographic - detecting and assembling traces in LTM - retained information not continuously accessible - multiple attempts help - free recall accurate, but helped by follow-up probing |
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Leading questions
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How long is it since you stopped beating our wife?
Effects of leading questions seem to be greater - the more time has passed after the event - the more peripheral the information - the poorer the memory |
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Identifying the perpetrator
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phase 1 - recall - verbal helps for identikit image
phase 2 - recognition - photos, parades, importance of distractors, control arrays with no suspect present, control witnesses |
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Eyewitness problems - Line up
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assume perpetrator is in the line up
cross racial bias distractors witness over confidence preventing memorial intrusions |
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Identification from CCTV
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security cameras generally yield poor quality images
- matching of photos to video-stills not impressive - better with similar angle of view and lighting, and when lit from above - moving video doesn't help much |
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Hill & Bruce 1996 found that accuracy in identifying heads from CCTV was highest when
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at least one of them lit from above than when lit from below
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Eyewitness
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Improving the sensitivity of the criminal justice system, rather than altering its bias.
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Repressed, recovered and false memories
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- clinic and lab
- repression/ forgetting/ not happening to think about - lab research needs confirmation in the field |
