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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning |
a relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience |
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Behaviorism |
a school of thought that emphasized observable behavior and learning through interactions with the environment |
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Behaviorist Principles |
emphasis on learning, anti-mentalism, no differences between species |
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emphasis on learning |
everything you are is the result of experience |
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anti-mentalism |
everything must be observable |
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no difference between species |
almost any organism can learn anything |
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Habituation |
simples form of learning. Critically adaptive and important. not permanent. happens through experience. get used to things |
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three ways of learning |
habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning |
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Unconditioned Response (UR) |
a response that does not have to be learned. such as a reflex. |
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
a stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning
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Unconditioned |
natural, innate responses |
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Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
a thimbles that elicits a response only after learning has taken place. |
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conditioned response (CR) |
a response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned |
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What are the two types of stimulus-respnse relationships? |
unconditioned and conditioned |
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Acquisition |
the formation of a learned response |
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extinction |
weakening or eliminations of a learned response. stopped the pairing |
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spontaneous recovery |
a reappearance of a learned response after an apparent extincition |
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contiguity |
the critical element in the acquisition of a learned association is that the stimuli occur together in time. |
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Stimulus generalization |
similar stimulus elicits CR. Adaptive: in nature, the CS is seldom experienced repeatedly in an identical fashion |
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Stimulus Discrimination |
responding to certain stimuli and not others. animals learn to differentiate between two similar stimuli if one is consistently associated with the UCS an the other is not |
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phobia |
acquired fear, out of proportion to the real threat. |
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counterconditioning |
can be used in treatment against phobia. Show fear without US |
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Taste aversion learning |
learning is not simple due to contiguous pairing of stimuli- it is also affected by biological factors. |
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conditioned tast aversions |
link between fast (or smell) and illness, easily produced |
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Biological Preparedness |
organisms are genetically prepared to fear certain objects. darkness, heights, snakes, insects |
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Fear responses |
Seligman 1970. |
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cognitive perspectives |
focuses on how expectations and prediction impact classical conditioning. Robert Rescorla |
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classical conditioning |
is a passive associational process that does not take into account when organisms engage in instrument or purposeful behavior |
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operant conditioning |
is the learning process in which an actions consequences determine the likelihood that the action will be performed in the future. B.F Skinner |
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Law of Effect (thorndike an puzzle boxes) |
Behaviors filled by positive outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened |
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Skinner box (operant chamber) |
an apparatus used to study the effects of reinforcement on behavior of lab animals. |
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reinforcement |
increase the probability of a behavior |
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punishment |
decrease the probability of a behavior |
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Reinforcer |
a stimulus that occurs after a response and increases the likelihood that a response will be repeated |
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Primary reinforcer |
those satisfying basic biological needs |
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secondary reinforcers |
those that do not satisfy basic biological needs and are learned through classical conditioning. "Good Dog". Medals |
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Positive reinforcement |
increases response with positive stimulus. often a reward. increases behavior. something pleasant |
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Negative reinforcement |
increases response with removal of negative stimulus (ointment on bites, seatbelt buzzer). removing something negative |
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Shaping |
reinforcements used to gradually guide an animal or person toward a behavior |
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Positive punishment |
decreases response by giving unpleasant stimulus. yelling, shocking, something being added |
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Negative punishment |
decreases response by removing a desired stimulus. taking privileges. something unpleasant occurs. taking keys to car, removing food |
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continuos reinforcement |
reinforcing a response each time it occurs. results in rapid learning, but not real life |
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Partial reinforcement |
reinforcing only after a certain amount of time has passed or only after a certain number of responses have been made. more realistic |
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ratio |
reinforcement after a certain number of times a response is produced |
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interval |
after a period of time, reinforcement is available |
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fixed |
reinforcement given on a set schedule, at every # of responses or every time period |
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variable |
reinforcement given at different rates or times |
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Partial reinforcement extinction effect |
greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement. Variable ratio schedule most associated with persistence of behavior |
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biological constraints of operant conditioning |
biological limits to what an animal can learn |
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instinctive drift |
conditioning is most effective if it if consistent with predispositions. organisms may revert to instinctive behavior: instinctive draft |
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Latent learning |
learning that takes place without reinforcement. Tolman's classic study |
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insight learning |
in problem-solving, solution emerges suddenly, with no clear antecedent |
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observational learning |
learning that occurs after watching another perform a behavior. Albert Bandura-bobo doll |
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modeling |
imitation of observed behavior. more likely to imitate models who are attractive, high status, and somewhat similar to ourselves. typically unaware of the influence of models on our behavior |
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Vicarious learning |
learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for it |
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Mirror neurons |
neurons activated when one observes another engaging in an action that was observed. |
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pleasure centers |
areas in brain that produce pleasure when stimulated |
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dopamine |
underlies positive reinforcement (operant) and affects secondary reinforcers too |
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Long-term potentiation |
the strengthening of synaptic connects so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated, NDMA receptor involved |
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Hebb's rule for LTP |
cells that fire together, wire together |
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Doogie mice |
them and regular mice were given a test of memory and learning. Doogie mice recognized change when scientists changed an object |
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vicarious reinforcement |
determines whether observer imitates. Is model reinforced or punished? |