Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who founded structuralism?
|
Wilhelm Wundt (1896)
|
|
According to Wundt what should the focus of psychology be?
|
Immediate conscious experience; the things that people sense and perceive when they reflect inward on their own minds.
|
|
Define structuralism.
|
Structuralists tried to understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts
|
|
In what 2 ways/parts do structuralists break down the mind?
|
(1) identify primary sensations and feelings (2) discover how they combine to produce meaningful wholes
|
|
Identify one problem with structuralism.
|
It's not easy to observe the internal workings of the human mind; mental eents are subjective, personal, and difficult to record
|
|
How do structuralists observe the mind?
|
Through a technique called systematic introspection
|
|
Define systematic introspection.
|
An early technique used to study the mind; systematic introspetion required people to look inward and describe their own experiences.
|
|
What did Wundt and his contemporaries contribute to the world of psychology?
|
Established psychology as a laboratory science and psychology departments egan to spring up rapidly throughout the world.
|
|
What is the main concern of functionalism?
|
The function of immediate experience.
|
|
Who founded functionalism?
|
William James, Dewey, and James Rowland Angell
|
|
Whats the main difference between structuralism and functionalism?
|
Structuralism took the mind apart to understand its workings. Functionalists looked at the mind as a whole to understand its workings.
|
|
Define functionalism.
|
Functionalists believed that the proper way to understand mind and behavior is to first analyze their function and purpose.
|
|
Who was the first elected woman president of the American Psychological Association?
|
Mary Whiton Calkins in 1905
|
|
Who was the first woman to recieve a Ph.D. in psychology?
|
Margaret FLoy Washburn in 1894
|
|
Who was Helen Thompson Wooley?
|
Helped pioneer the study of sex differences, abolishing a number of myths about women that were widely accepted at the time.
|
|
Define theory.
|
(1) it must describe a behavior and (2) make predictions about future behaviors.
|
|
Define case study.
|
A descriptive research technique in which the effort is focused on a single case, usually an individual
|
|
Why would we use a case study?
|
B/c lots of information can be collected about the background and behavior of a single person; give researchers an important historical perspective; this, in turn, helps the reasearcher form hypotheses about the possible causes of a behavior or psychological problem.
|
|
What is an aptitude test?
|
psychologival tests that measure your ability to learn or acwuire knowledge in a particular subject.
|
|
Define genotype.
|
the actual genetic information inherited from one's parent
|
|
Define phenotype.
|
A person's observable characteristics, such as red hair. the phenotype is controlled mainly by the genotype, but it can also be influenced by the environment
|
|
Describe the biological school of thought.
|
How the body influences behavior, thoughts, and feelings: nervous system, *brain chemicals*, hormones, genetics, evolutionary psychology (how our adaptive evolution affects us today)
|
|
Describe the learing (behaviorism) school of thought.
|
How environment and experience affect behavior, thoughts, feelings (environmental influenced behavior): Behaviorism-what we can see, *reinforcement and punishment*, behavior modification (change behavior/habit) ***what we learn and learned behavior***
|
|
Describe the cognitive school of thought.
|
how thoughts affect behavior, feelings: reasoning, memory, intelligece, beliefs/thoughts (your thoughts and how they impact you)
|
|
Describe the sociocultural school of thought.
|
how social and cultural influences affect thoughts, feelings, behavior: how culture and society influence how you behave and think-also looks at gender
|
|
Describe the psychodynamic school of thought.
|
how *unconscious* conflicts, inner forces affect behavior, thoughts, feelings: family origins, childhood issues, how much our unconscious affects our behaviors
|
|
Describe the humanistic school of thought.
|
how to create a fulfilled life (oppositions to Freud): free will/choices, *be all that you can be*, 'positive psychology', believed that at our core people are good
|
|
What does an experimental psychologist do?
|
focus on lab studies of various topics
|
|
What does an educational psychologist do?
|
research ways to improve educational systems (principals)
|
|
What does a developmental psychologist do?
|
study how we grow and change throughout our lifespan
|
|
What does and industrial/organizational psychologist do?
|
behavior in the workplace, effective business practices
|
|
What does a psychometric psychologist do?
|
design and evalulate tests (personality, interest, IQ)
|
|
What does a school psychologist do?
|
Works with parents, students, and teachers to solve problems
|
|
What does a clinical psychologist do?
|
focus on understanding and treating emotional problems, abnormal, or disfunctional behavior
|
|
What does a counseling psychologist do?
|
focus on helping people with adjustment problems and helping people make career choices
|
|
Define a clinical psychologist.
|
Cannot prescribe medicine
|
|
define a psychiatrist
|
attended medical school and completed special rotations in psychiatry. can prescribe medication to treat mental disorders
|
|
Define theory
|
explanation of something (why?)
|
|
Define hypothesis.
|
a prediction based on a theory
|
|
Define operational defination
|
how what is in the question will me measured
|
|
Define operational studies
|
(1) naturalistic observation (2)laboratory observation (done with some control)
|
|
define representative sample
|
who you actually survey; must represent your population
|
|
define population
|
who you want to study
|
|
What is a correlational study?
|
a descriptive method that looks for a consistant relationship between two things
|
|
Define correlation coefficient
|
a number that describes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables
|
|
define positive correlation
|
when the varieables move in the same direction
|
|
define negative correlation
|
when the variables move in opposite directions
|
|
define experimental research?
|
a technique in which the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its efffect on behavior
|
|
define independent variable
|
the aspect of the environment that is manipulated in an experiment. it must consist of atlease two conditions.
|
|
define dependent variable
|
the behavior that is measured or observed in an experiment
|
|
define placebo
|
a fake treatment or inactive substance
|
|
define random assignment
|
a technique ensuring that each participant in an experiment has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions in the experiment
|
|
define double blind study
|
neither participants nor researcher onservers are aware of who has been assigned to the experimental and control groups; it's used to control for both subject and experimenter expectancies
|
|
Define behavioral genetics
|
attempts to determine how much of our behavior is genetic vs. environment
|
|
define monozygotic twins
|
formed from one egg and one sperm that splites (genetically identical)
|
|
define dizygotic twins
|
formed by two seperate eggs and sperm (genetically like siblings)
|
|
Heritability of human intelligence?
|
shows STRONG genetic link
|
|
Heritability of schiophrenia?
|
Shows a definite genetic link for schizophrenia
|
|
Define central nervous system
|
the brain and spinal cord
|
|
define peripheral nervous system
|
nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
|
|
What are the two subdivisions of the Peripheral NS?
|
Somatic NS and Autonamic NS
|
|
Define somatic NS
|
nerves under conscious control (motor movements, sense receptors (eyes, nose, ears))
|
|
Define autonamic NS
|
controls involuntary actions (heart glands, digestion)
|
|
What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic NS?
|
Sympathetic NS and parasympathic NS
|
|
Define sympathetic NS
|
activates internal orgnas during times of stress and arousal (fight or flight response)
|
|
define parasympathetic NS
|
reverses the affects of the sympathetic NS (returns the body bakc to normal)
|
|
Define neuron
|
a specialized cell that conducts impulses throught the nervous systme and contains three major parts: a cell body, dendrites, and axon
|
|
What does the cell body do?
|
recieves messages
|
|
What do the dendrites do?
|
sends messages
|
|
What is the synapse?
|
space between neurons
|
|
What are the synaptic vesicles?
|
they contain the neurotransmitters
|
|
What are neurotransmitters?
|
chemical that contains the message
|
|
What are the receptors sites?
|
receives neurotransmitters
|
|
What is the resting potential of a neuron?
|
negative charge on the inside and a positive charge on the outside of the neuron
|
|
Whats the action potential of a neuron?
|
electrical charge that initiates the firing of the message (spark!)
|
|
Whats the myelin sheath?
|
it is what insulates the axon for faster transmission-layer of fat (white matter)
|
|
What are some key neurotransmitters?
|
acetylcholine (imbalances linked to alzheimers disease). Serotonin (imbalances liked to depression, anxiety, and eating disorders). Dopamine (imbalances are linked to schizophrenia and parkinson's disease)
|
|
Define thalamus
|
relay station for all information sensory messages (except smell)
|
|
Define hypothalamus
|
regulates hunger, thirst, sexual ehavior, emotional behaior, internal body temp., and other body functions (tells us when we want or need something)
|
|
What are the four lobes and the cerebral cortex?
|
(1)frontal lobes (2) parietal lobes (3) temperal lobes (4) occipital lobes
|
|
What are the three parts of the brainstem?
|
(1)medulla and pons (2)reticular formation (3) cerebellum
|
|
What do the medulla and pons do?
|
control vital automatic functions (heartbeat, breathing, BP) and reflexes such as vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
|
|
What does the reticular formation?
|
General alertness and consciousness
|
|
What does the cerebellum do?
|
"little brain" controls complex motor movements
|