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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Discovered classical conditioning
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Ivan Pavlov
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formulated the Law of Effect (the consequence, or effect, of a response determines whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future is strengthened or weakened
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Edward Thorndike
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a neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response
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conditioned stimulus
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elicits an unconditioned response without learning
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unconditioned stimulus
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learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus
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conditioned response
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reponse elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without learning
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unconditioned response
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weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR as a result of repeated presentation of the CS without the US
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extinction
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reappearance of an extinguished CR when organism is exposed to the CS following a rest period
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Spontaneous recovery
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tendency to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS
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Generalization
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occurs when conditioned stimului are linked to form a series of signals
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higher order conditioning
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learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that that CR occurs only to the original CS but not to the similar stimuli
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discrimination
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learning through consequences
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operant conditioning
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learning through association of stimuli
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classical conditioning
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the removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response
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punishment
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a pleasant or desirable consequence that increases the probability that a response will be repeated
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positive reinforcement
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termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated
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negative reinforcement
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reinforcer is given after first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed
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fixed interval schedule
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reinforcer is given after varying number of non reinforced responses
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variable ratio schedule
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reinforcer given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses
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fixed ratio schedule
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reinforcer is given after first correct response following a varying period of time
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variable interval schedule
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a passive resignation to aversive conditions that is learned through repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable aversive events
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learned helplessness
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a program that motivates socially desirable behavior by reinforcing it with tokens
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token economy
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people learn through others' behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors; explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences
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social learning theory (albert bandura)
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bobo doll experiment; many behaviors acquired through observational learning
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albert bandura
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children learned to copy the aggression by observing adult models act aggressively toward bobo dolls
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bobo doll experiment
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the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory
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storage
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a physiological change in the brain that allows encoded information to be stored in memory
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consolidation
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a memory task in which a person must produce required information by searching memory
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recall
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the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory
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storage
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a memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before
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recognition
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a physiological change in the brain that allows encoded information to be stored in memory
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consolidation
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the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
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encoding
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a memory task in which a person must produce required information by searching memory
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recall
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the process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory
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retrieval
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a memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before
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recognition
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the component of the memory system that holds about seven (5-9items) for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory
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short term memory
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the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
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encoding
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the subsystem within long term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then declared or stated; explicit memory
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declarative memory
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the process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory
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retrieval
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the memory system that holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about two seconds
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sensory memory
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the component of the memory system that holds about seven (5-9items) for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory
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short term memory
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a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units, which are easier to remember
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chunking
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the subsystem within long term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then declared or stated; explicit memory
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declarative memory
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the memory system that holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about two seconds
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sensory memory
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a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units, which are easier to remember
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chunking
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the act of purposely repeating information to maintain it in short term memory
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rehearsal
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the memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person's permanent or relatively permanent memories
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long term memory
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remembering something without being aware that you are remembering it
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implicit memory
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the type of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced
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episodic memory
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the finding that, for information learned in a sequence, recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in the sequence
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serial position effect
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a loss of memory for experiences that occurred shortly before a loss of consciousness
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retrograde amnesia
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process in which traumatic memories are buried in the unconscious
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repression
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recollection of an event, or the details of an event, that did not occur
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false memories
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the inability to form long term memories formed before the trauma are usually intact and short term memory is unaffected
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anterograde amnesia
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previous memorized items interfering with items one is currently to trying to memorize
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proactive interference
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the experience of knowing that a particular piece of information has been learned but being unable to retrieve it
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tip of the tongue phenomena
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learning in one long practice session without rest periods
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massed practice
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practicing or studying material beyond the point where it can be repeated once without error
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overlearning
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