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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Psychology?
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The scientific study of the causes of behaviour; also, the application of the findings of psychological research to the solution of problems
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Causal event
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an event that causes another event to occur
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Physiological psychology
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- the branch of psychology that studies the physiological basis of behavior ( they study most behavior phenomena that can be observed in non-human subjects)
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Comparative psychology
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the branch of psychology that studies the behaviors of a variety of organisms in an attempt to understand the adaptive and functional significance of the behaviors and their relation to evolution
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Behavior analysis
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the branch of psychology that studies the effect of the environment on behavior—primarily, the effects of the consequences of behavior on the behaviors themselves (eg. Learning and motivation)
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Behavior genetics
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the branch of psychology that studies the role of genetics on behavior
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Cognitive psychology
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the branch of the psychology that studies complex behaviors and mental processes such as perception, attention, learning and memory, verbal behavior, concept formation, and problem solving
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Cognitive neuroscience
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the branch of psychology that attempts to understand cognitive psychological functions by studying the brain mechanisms that are responsible for them.
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Developmental psychology
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the branch of psychology that studies the changes in behavioral, perceptual, and cognitive capacities of organisms as a function of age and experience
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Social psychology
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the branch of psychology devoted to the study of the effects people have on each other’s behaviour
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Personality psychology
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the branch of psychology that attempts to categorize and understand the causes of individual differences in patterns of behavior
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Evolutionary psychology
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the branch of psychology that explains behavior in terms of adaptive advantages those specific behaviors provided during the evolution of a species. Evolutionary psychologies use natural selection as a guiding principle
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Cross-cultural psychology
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the branch of psychology that studies the effects of culture on behavior
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Clinical psychology
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the branch of psychology devoted to the investigation and treatment of abnormal behavior and mental disorders
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Clinical neuropsychologist
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a psychologist who specializes in identification and treatment of the behavioral consequence of nervous system disorders and injuries
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Health psychologist
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a psychologist who works to promote behaviors and lifestyles that improve and maintain health and prevent illness
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School psychologist
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a psychologist who deals with behavioral problems of students at school
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Consumer psychologist
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a psychologist who helps organizations that manufacture products or that buy products or services
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Community psychologist
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a psychologist who works for the welfare of individuals in the social system, attempting to improve the system rather than treating people as problems
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Organizational psychologist
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a psychologist who works to increase efficiency and effectiveness of organizations
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Engineering psychologist
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a psychologist who studies the ways that people and machines work together and helps design machines that are safer and easier to operate
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Forensic psychologist
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a psychologist who studies human behavior as it may relate to the legal system and to matters involving criminal justice
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Animism
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the belief that all animals and all moving objects possess spirits providing their motive force
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Reflex
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an automatic response to a stimulus, such as the blink reflex to the sudden unexpected approach of an object toward the eyes
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Dualism
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the philosophical belief that reality consists of mind and matter
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Model
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a relatively simple system that works on known principles and is able to do at least some of the things that a more complex system can do
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Empiricism
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the philosophical view that all knowledge is obtained through the senses
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Materialism
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a philosophical believe that reality can be known only through an understanding of the physical world, of which the mind is a part
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Doctrine of specific nerve energies
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Johannes Muller’s observation that different nerve fibres convey specific information from one part of the body to the brain or from the brain to one part of the body
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Experimental ablation
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the removal or destruction of a portion of the brain of an experimental animal for the purpose of studying the functions of that region
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Psychophysics
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the branch of psychology that measures the quantitative relation between physical stimuli and perceptual experience
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Structuralism
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the system of experimental psychology that began with Wundt; it emphasized introspective analysis of sensation and perception
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Introspection
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literally, “looking within,” in an attempt to describe one’s own memories, perceptions cognitive processes, or motivations
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Functionalism
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- the strategy of understanding a species’ structural or behavioural features by attempting to establish their usefulness with respect to survival and reproductive success
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Behaviorism
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a movement in psychology that asserts that the only proper subject matter for scientific study in psychology is observable behavior
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Law of effect
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Thorndike’s observation that stimuli that occur as a consequence of a response can increase or decrease the likelihood of making that response again
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Humanistic psychology
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an approach to the study of human behavior that emphasizes human experience, choice and creativity, self-realization, and positive growth
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Gestalt psychology
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a movement in psychology that emphasized that cognitive processes could be understood by studying their organization, no their elements
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Information processing
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an approach used by cognitive psychologists to explain the workings of the brain; information received through the senses is processed by systems of neurons in the brain
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