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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the specialized cells that conduct impulses through the nervous system and contain three major parts - a cell body, dendrites, and an axon
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neurons
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The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and carries out the metabolic functions of the neuron
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cell body
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in a neuron, the branchlike extensions of the cell body that receives signals from other neurons
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dendrites
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the slender, tail-like extension of the neuron that transmits signals to the dendrites or cell bodies of other neurons and to muscles, glands, and other parts of the body
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axon
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bulbous end of the axon where signals move from the axon of one neuron to the dendrites or cell bodies of another
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axon terminal
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specialized cells in the brain and spinal cord that holds neurons together, remove waste products such as dead neurons, and perform other manufacturing, nourishing, and cleanup tasks
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glial cells
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the junction where the axon terminal of sending neuron communicates with a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft
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synapse
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the white, fatty coating wrapped around some axons that acts as insulation and enables impulses to travel much faster
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myelin sheath
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a neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning new information, causes the skeletal muscles to contract, and keeps the heart from beating too rapidly
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acetycholine
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a neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning, attention, movement, and reinforcement; associated with Parkingson's disease and schizophrenia
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dopamine
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a neurotransmitter affecting eating, alertness, and sleep
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norepinephrine
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a neurotransmitter that affects the metabolism of glucose and causes nutrient energy stored in muscles to be released during strenuous exercise
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epinephrine
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a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, and appetite
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serotonin
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primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
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glutamate
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primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
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GABA
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chemicals produced naturally by the brain that reduces pain and the stress of vigorous exercise and positively affect mood
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endorphins
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part of the nervous system with the brain and the spinal cord
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central nervous system
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the nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body
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peripheral nervous system
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part of the peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal muscles and interacts with the external environment
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somatic nervous system
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part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body's internal environment (organs, glands, blood vessels)
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autonomic nervous system
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part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for action and mobilizes energy sources (fight or flight response)
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sympathetic nervous system
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part of the autonomic nervous system that conserves body's energy and returns the body to its normal, quiet state after an emergency
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parasympathetic nervous system
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a link between the spinal cord and the brain that contains structures that regulate physiological functions (heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure)
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hindbrain
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the structure that begins at the point where the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the brain and handles functions critical to physical survival; includes medulla, the pons, and the reticular formation
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brainstem
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part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, and swallowing
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medulla
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a structure in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in arousal and attention; screens sensory messages entering the brain
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reticular formation
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structure that connects the halves of the cerebellem
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pons
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the brain structure that helps the body execute smooth, skiklled movements and regulates muscle tone and posture
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cerebellum
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area that contains structures liking the physiological functions of the hindbrain to the cognitive functions of the forebrain
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midbrain
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structure in the midbrain that controls unconscious motor movements
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substantia nigra
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the largest part of the brain, where cognitive functions as well as many of the motor functions of the brain are carried out
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forebrain
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structure, located above the brainstem, that acts as a relay station for information flowing into or out of the forebrain
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thalamus
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a small but influential brain structure that regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, internal body temperature, other body functions and a wide variety of emotional behaviors
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hypothalamus
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