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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
an organized set of concepts that explains a phenomenon or set of phenomena.
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theory
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the idea that all events - physical, mental, and behavioral - are the result of, or determined by, specific causal factors.
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determinism
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patterns that can be discovered and revealed through research
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lawful patterns of relationships
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a tentative and testable statement about the relationship between causes and consequences.
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hypothesis
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a general set of procedures for gathering and interpreting evidence in ways that limit sources of errors and yield dependable conclusions
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scientific method
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other researchers must have the opportunity to inspect, criticize, replicate, or disprove the data and methods
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public verifiability
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a set of uniform procedures for treathing each participant in a test, interview, or experiment, or for recording data
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stadardization
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a definition of a varible or condition in terms of the specific operation or procedure used to determine its presence
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operational definition
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in an experimental seting, a factor that varies in amount and kind
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variable
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in an experimental setting, a variable that the researcher manipulates with the expectation of having an impact on values of the dependent variable
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independent variable
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in an experimental setting, a variable that he researcher measures to assess the impact of a variation in an independent variable
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dependent variable
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research methodology that involves the manipulation of independent vaariables to determine their effects on the dependent variables
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experimental method
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a stimulus other than the variable an experimenter explicity introduces into a research setting that affects a participant's behavior.
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confounding variable
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result that occurs when a researcher or observer subtly communicates to participants the kind of behavior he or she expects to find, thereby creating that expected reaction
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expectancy effects
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a change in behavior in the absence of an experimental manipulation
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placebo effect
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an experimental technique in which biased expectations of experimenters are eliminated by keeping both participants and experimental assistants unaware of which participants have received which treatment
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double-blind control
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consistent procedure for giving instructions, scoring responses, and holding all other variables constant except those being systematically varied.
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control procedure
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an experimental condition on which treatment is not administered; it is used in cases where a placebo effect might occur
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placebo control
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a research design in which different groups of participants are randomly assigned to exerimental conditions or to control conditions.
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between-subjects design
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a procedure by which participants have an equal likelihood of being assigned to any condition within an experiment
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random assignment
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a group in an experiment that is exposed to a treatment or experiences a manipulation of the independent variable
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experimental group
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a group in an experiment that is not exposed to a treatment or does not experience a manipulation of the independent variable
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control group
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a subset of a population selected as participants in an experiment
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sample
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a subset of a population that closely matches the overall characteristics of the population with respect to the distribution of males and females, racial and ethnic groups, and so on.
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representative sample
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a procedure that ensures that every member of a population has an equal likelihood of participating in an experiment
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random sampling
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a research design that uses each participant as his or her own control; for example, the behavior of an experimental participant before receiving treatment might be compared to his or her behavior after receiving treatment
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within-subjects design
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Research methodology that determines to what extent two variables, traits, or attributes are related
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correlational method
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a statistic that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables
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correlation coefficient
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the degree to which a test produces similar cores each time it is used; stability or consistency of the scores produced by an instument
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reliability
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the extent to which a test measures what it was intended to measure
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validity
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a self behavior that is identified through a participants own observations and reports
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self report measure
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overt actions or reaction that is observed and recorded, exclusive of self reported behavior
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behavioral measure
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a research technique in which unobtrusive observations are made of behaviors that occur in natural environments
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naturalistic observation
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intensive observation of a particular individual or small group of individuals
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case study
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the process through which individuals are informed about experimental procedures, risks, and benefits before they provide formal consent to become research participants
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informed consent
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a proceddure conducted at the end of an experiment in which the researcher provides the participant with as much information about the study as possible and makes sure that no participant leaves feeling confused, upset, or embarrassed
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debriefing
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