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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Classical conditioning |
concerned with stimulus that comes BEFORE behavior elicits behavior |
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Unconditioned Stimulus |
a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. -unlearned, ex.) visual, sound, anything from the environment |
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Conditioned Stimulus |
after pairing with US, comes a trigger to a conditioned response (CR) |
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Stimulus generalization |
the tendency once a response has been conditioned, stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus elicit similar responses. ex.) dog who was conditioned to salivate when rubbed, will do even when scratched. |
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Stimulus Discrimination |
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that does NOT signal an unconditioned stimulus. ex.) dog salivates only to one tone of bell. |
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Extinction |
diminishing responding that occurs when the CS (tone) no longer signals US (food) ex.) presenting CS with no US (food) -shut off reinforcement |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
the reappearance after a pause an extinguished CR (salivation) -hasn't been wiped from memory ex.) bike riding |
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Operant Conditioning |
concern with a stimulus that comes AFTER the behavior is emitted |
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Positive Reinforcement |
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcer-any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response ex.) pet a dog when you call it, pay a person who paints your house -ADD a desirable stimulus |
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Negative Reinforcement |
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer- any stimulus that when REMOVED after a response, strengthens response ex.) take painkillers to end pain, fasten seat belt to stop beeping noise |
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Positive Punishment |
presenting (adding) an undesired consequence after bad/undesired behavior ex.) getting a ticket for speeding, spray water on barking dog |
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Negative Punishment |
taking AWAY a rewarding stimulus for undesired behavior ex.) take away teen's phone privileges, revoking library card for not paying fine |
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Partial (Intermittent) Reinforement |
reinforcing a response only part of the time. Learning is slower to appear, but resistance to extinction is better |
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Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement |
reinforced only after a specific number of responses |
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Variable-Ratio Reinforcement |
reinforced after unpredictable number of responses |
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Fixed- Interval Reinforcement |
reinforced a response only after a specific time has elapsed |
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Variable-Interval Reinforcement |
reinforces a response only after a unpredictable time intervals ex.) getting a text response, Facebook message |
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Counterconditiong |
conditioning an unwanted behavior or response to a stimulus into a wanted behavior or response by association of positive actions with stimulus |
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Bandura's Theory |
By watching grown up hit, kick, punch the Bobo doll, children, by watching a model, we learn by observation and imitation |
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Shaping |
(operant) reinforcers guide behavior to closer desired behavior |
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Sensory Memory |
immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system |
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Short-Term Memory |
hold a few items briefly. ex.) 7 digit phone number before dialing encode: rehearsal (repetition) |
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Long-Term Memory |
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory ex.) knowledge, skills, experience -for later retrieval -Store: on basis of importance |
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Explicit (Declarative) Memory |
memory of facts, personal experiences |
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Implicit Memory |
-procedural memory -skills: motor and cognitive -you can just do it ex.) bike riding |
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Encoding |
processing info into memory system extracting meaning |
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Storage |
the retention of encoded info over time |
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Retrieval |
the process of getting info out of the memory system |
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Chunking |
organizing items into familiar manageable units -often automatic |
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Hierarchies |
composed of few broad concepts divided & subdivided into narrower concepts & facts -help retrieve info efficiently |
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Hippocampus |
processes explicit memories for storage -Temporary stores some memories & sends them to other places for more permanent storage -if removed--cant store recent memories |
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Recall |
remembering without any external cues
ex.) essay questions test recall of knowledge because nothing on a blank sheet of paper will jog the memory |
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Recognition |
identifying learned information using external cues
ex.) true or false questions and multiple-choice questions test recognition because the previously learned information is there on the page, along with other options. |
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Relearning |
subject first learns some material and, after various lengths of time, relearns that same material to the same criterion level
ex.) memorizing grocery lists and being tested on what was on it and how long to retrieve most of the items on the list |
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Ebbinghaus' Curve of Forgetting |
-course of forgetting is initially rapid then levels off with time. -memory of novel info fades quickly then levels out |
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Non sense Syllables |
non-word letter combinations ex.) YOX, JIH |
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Serial Position Effect |
our tendency to be better a recalling the last item (recency effect) and first items (primacy effect) in a list ex.) names of co-workers; spent more time rehearsing earlier names than later ones |
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Retroactive Interference |
occurs when NEW learning disrupts recall of OLD info |
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Proactive Interference |
occurs when PRIOR learning disrupts recall of NEW info |
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Repression |
cannot recall traumatic experiences |
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Suppression |
on the tip of the tongue-less anxiety- then recall |
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Elizabeth Loftus |
eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories after crime or accident |
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Problems evaluating memories of child abuse |
-cannot reliably recall happenings at young age - can't tell if true or false |
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Improving Memory |
1. Rehearsal repeatedly 2. Make material meaningful 3. Activate retrieval cups 4. Use Mnemonic devices 5. Minimize interference 6. Sleep 7. Test yourself
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Positive Transfer |
rapid learning in a new situation because stimuli or response required are similar to those learned in an earlier situation |