Psychology

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applied research

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designed to solve specific, practical problems
using basic scientific knowledge to create intervention programs

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basic research

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reflects a quest for knowledge purely for its own sake, curiosity

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psychology

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scientific study of behavior and the mind

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Robber's Cave Experiment

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Summer camp that divided two groups of boys and set them against each other in competition.
Competition would breed hostility between groups, it did
Required groups to work together to obtain common goal, lowered hostility.
Goal:discover general principal of inter-group conflicts

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Jigsaw Program

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Elliot Aronson put multi-ethnic groups of 5 to 6 children in a classroom.
Tell each kid different parts of a problem so they have to work together to solve the problem.
Worked, prejudice decreased

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Goals of Psychology

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Describe how people and other species behave
Understand causes of behavior
Predict how people will behave under certain conditions
Influence behavior through control of its causes
Apply psychological knowledge to enhance humans

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Levels of Analysis

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Biological
Psychological
Environmental

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Biological Level of Analysis

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Behavior and its causes
Brain processes and genetic influences

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Psychological Level of Analysis

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thoughts, feelings, motives

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Environmental Level of Analysis

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past and current physical and social environment

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Mind-Body Interactions

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relationship between mental processes in the brain and functioning of other bodily systems
Nature vs. Nurture

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Perspectives

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different ways of viewing people

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Mind-Body Dualism

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belief that the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to physical laws that govern the body

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Monism

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hold the mind and body are one and that the mind is not separate

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British Empiricism

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Leader: John Locke
all ideas and knowledge are gained empirically using the senses
observation, experience> reason

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Psychophysics

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study of how psychologically experienced sensations depend on characteristics of physical stimuli.
Sensation and Perception

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Charles Darwin

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theory of evolution
Natural selection- survival of the fittest
Adaptation

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Wilhelm Wundt

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founder of psychophysics
established first experimental psychology laboratory in Germany

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Edward Titchener

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student of Wundt
Established first experimental psychology laboratory in the US

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Structuralism

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analysis of mind in terms of its basic elements, structure

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Introspection

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looking within to study sensations like light, sound, taste

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Functionalism

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psychology should study the functions of conscience rather than its structure
influenced by evolutionary theory

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William James

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leader of Functionalist movement
teacher at Harvard

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Cognitive psychology

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study of mental processes

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Evolutionary psychology

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study of adaptiveness of behavior

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Psychodynamtic Perspective

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searches for causes of behavior within the inner workings of our personality( traits, emotions, motives) and emphasizing the role of the unconscious processes

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Phobias

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intense, unrealistic fears

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Free Association

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patient expresses any thought that comes to mind
usually about childhood

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Psychoanalysis

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the analysis of internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces

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Defense Mechanisms

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psychological techniques that help us cope with anxiety and pain of traumatic experiences

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Repression

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primary defense, protects by keeping unacceptable impulses, feelings, and memories in the unconscious

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Object Relations Theories

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focus on how early experiences with caregivers shape views that people form of themselves and others

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Behavioral perspective

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focuses on the role of the external environment in governing our actions

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Behaviorism

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a school of thought that emphasizes environmental control of behavior through learning

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John B Watson

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founded school of Behaviorism
believed in behavior, not the unconscious mind
humans are products of their learning experiences

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B.F Skinner

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leading modern figure in Behaviorism
says causes of behavior come from outer world

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Radical Behaviorism

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society could use power of environment to help people

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Behavior Modification

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techniques to increase positive behavior by manipulating the environment

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Cognitive Behaviorism

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learning through experiences and environment influence our expectations and thoughts, and in turn, our thoughts influence how we behave

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Humanistic Perspective (Humanism)

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emphasized free will, personal growth, and attempt to find meaning in one's own existence
Humans NOT reactors of environment or controlled by unconscious mind

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Positive Psychology Movement

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emphasizes the study of human strength, fulfillment, and optimal living

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Cognitive Perspective

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examines the nature of the mind and how mental processes influence behavior

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Gestalt Psychology

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"whole or organization"
examined how element of experience are organized into wholes
perception and problem solving

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1950 Debate

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Behaviorist B.F Skinner- language in kids is acquired through principals of learning
Linguists- Noam Chomsky- kids are biologically pre-programmed to acquire language

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Cognitive Psychology

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focuses on the study of mental processes, embodies the cognitive perspective
Reason, make decisions, solve problems, form perceptions, use language

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Cognitive Neuroscience

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uses sophisticated electrical recording and brain-image techniques to examine brain activity while people engage in cognitive tasks

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Culture

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the enduring values, beliefs, behaviors, and traditions that are shared by a large group of people and passed from one generation to the next

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Norms

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rules (often unwritten) that specify what behavior is acceptable and expected for members of the group

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Sociocultural Perspective

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examines how the social environment and cultural learning influence our behavior, thoughts and feelings

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Individualism

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an emphasis on personal goals and self- identity based on one's own attributes and achievements

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Collectivism

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individual goals are subordinated to those of the group and personal identity is defined largely by the ties that bind to extended family and social groups

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Individualism vs. Collectivism

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difference created by social learning experiences that form social customs

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Biological Perspective

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examines how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behavior

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Neurotransmitters

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chemicals released by nerve cells that allow them to communicate with one another

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Natural Selection

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if an inherited trait gives certain members an advantage over others, these members would be more likely to survive and pass these traits on to their offspring

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Evolutionary Psychology

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seeks to explain how evolution shaped modern human behavior
stress natural selection led to human mental abilities and behavior tendencies
explain human social behaviors

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Interaction

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the way in which one factor influences behavior depends on the presence of another factor

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Psychiatrists

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medical doctors who after completing their general training in medicine, receive additional training in diagnosing and treating mental disorders
Prescribe medicine

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Psychologist

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evaluates, diagnoses, treats, and studies behavior and mental processes

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Sigmund Freud

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developed 1st and most influential psychodynamtic theory
founded psychoanalysis
used hypnosis
interest in dreams, sexual and aggressive drives, the unconscious mind