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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define an emotion |
An organized response to an internal/external stimulus |
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What are the 3 primary components of an emotion? |
1. Cognition - the thoughts you have in your head; what goes through your head when you experience a feeling
2. Physiological Arousal - ANS, physical reaction
3. Action Tendency - A predisposition to/likelihood of engaging in a behavior |
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What is the difference between an emotion and a mood? |
Emotions = Short-lived physiological and cognitive response to stimuli that are typically more intense than other feeling-states (only last seconds/minutes) Moods = Don't necessarily have a stimuli; last for a longer period of time; typically less intense |
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What is natural selection? |
The process where organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and are able to reproduce more and pass on their adaptive traits In order for it to occur there must be a variation in the population on trait |
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What criteria are necessary for natural selection to act on a trait? |
• The trait needs to be heritable • The trait has to lead to reproductive success (allowing the animal to survive to reproductive age + to produce viable offspring) |
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What is an adaptation? |
A trait that increases the likelihood of survival |
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Are all traits adaptations? Why or why not? |
No. While some traits are adaptations, there are also traits referred to as adaptation byproducts, which are traits that have developed as a result of an adaptation and that have no real adaptive qualities |
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What is sexual selection? |
Selection for characteristics because of their mating benefits Involves: Intrasexual Competition - Competition with other members of your sex within your species for mates Intersexual Choice - The other sex gets to choose who they mate with |
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How are sexual selection and natural selection similar and how are they different? |
Similar: Both involve certain members of a species being more successful than others due to traits/characteristics; Both involve reproduction as a sign of success Different: Natural selection focuses on traits that help with an organisms overall survival rather than just its reproductive success Sexual selection selects for traits that help with an organisms ability to attract a mate, and are not necessarily helpful for their survival (think peacocks or other male birds that are brightly colored: Blending in would be adaptive for survival, bright colors, not so much!) |
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Species Characteristic Pattern |
A goal-directed, genetically based behavior experienced in direct response to an environmental stimulus
The behavior is goal-directed, genetically based, and a response to a sign stimulus (trigger) |
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What evidence is there that emotions are species characteristic patterns? |
• There is research that shows that the expression of emotions is innate ° Supported by cross cultural similarities (smiling is featured in all cultures) (show that something is genetically based) ° Also supported by the fact that people who haven't learned the behavior (e.g. blind kids with smiling) still express it (shows it doesn't have to be learned) ° Supported by similarities in non human animals (we share much our genetics with other animals and see them display the same kind of expression of emotions as us) • Goal-directed = Emotions help direct our attention to where we need to direct that to • Emotions are experienced in response to internal/external stimuli |
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What criteria did Ekman use to define a basic emotion? |
There should be a universal facial expression (In general a universally recognized expression) |
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What 6 emotions met Ekman's criteria? |
Happiness Sadness Fear Disgust Anger Surprise |
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What is the proposed function of jealousy from an evolutionary perspective? What evidence supports this? |
In monogamy, jealousy would motivate you to engage in mate guarding to make sure that your mate doesn't leave you alone to care for your offspring Evidence: • In squirrel monkeys, a polygynous species (1 male with multiple females), if a male's mate interacts with another male there is no behavioral agitation or rise in cortisol (stress) within the male • In titi monkeys, a monogamous species, if a male/female's mate interacts with another monkey of the opposite sex they experience behavioral agitation or an increase in cortisol, thereby showing an expression of jealousy |
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What is the evolutionary function of love or an attachment bond? |
• To create/strengthen bonds and social connections - thereby to strengthen the monogamous bond between mates in monogamous species • To care for helpless infants - without an attachment bond the parents of an offspring would have no real reason to care for a helpless infant bc that takes away resources that could be used for their own survival |
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What are the evolutionary functions of pride and embarrassment? How are they similar and how are they different? |
Evolutionary Functions: • Pride - It is a display of dominance (communicates to other organisms that you are successful and shouldn't be messed with); acts as an additional drive to succeed • Embarrassment - Acts as a display of submission Differences - Pride displays dominance (showing other organisms you are strong and would likely win if they fought you) while embarrassment displays submission (showing other organisms you do not want to fight and accept their dominance) Similarities: Both are displayed in species with social hierarchies. Both are social displays meant to decrease the amount of conflict in social groups (show dominance instead of fighting for power; show submission to show you don't want to fight for power) |
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Emotions help us with orientation |
Emotions help direct our attention to where we need to direct it to (anger will release adrenaline and prepare us to fight) |
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Domain-Specific Programming |
A sophisticated reflex where certain triggers in the environment will cause specific cognitive / physiological / behavioral responses |
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Emotions help with coordination (organization) |
Emotions help us to coordinate/organize the information we gather from our environment. They help us figure out what to focus on/prioritize |
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Function of Emotions |
• Internal Regulation - Motivating you to engage in a certain behavior
• Communication - Species with stronger social structures tend to be more emotionally expressive |
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How are emotions similar across cultures? How are they different? |
Similarities: Each culture has positive (love, joy, surprise) and negative primary categories of emotions Emotions trigger the same physiological responses across cultures; Emotions have universally recognized expressions (smiling and happiness)
Differences: Different cultures may define emotions differently; cultures may display their emotions differently (individualistic vs. collectivistic) |
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What were the primary emotions identified by a hierarchical cluster analysis in the US? |
Love Joy Sadness Anger Surprise Fear |
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How were the results of the cluster analysis done in China different from the US? |
China had a different category from the US: Shame (shows that they place more emphasis on this)
In the US shame was listed under sadness |
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What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis? Is there evidence to support it? |
The idea that if there are language differences, then there is a difference in how emotions are experienced There is no evidence to support this theory. This is because language does not impact your ability to perceive things. Just because the language is different and how cultures experience emotions is different doesn't mean there's a causal relationship |
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What is the difference between individualist and collectivist culture? |
Individualist: • Places importance on the self ("I-self") • Focus is on the happiness of the individual person • People are autonomous (independent, feel like they have control over their life) Collectivist: • Places importance on the group ("We-self") • Focuses on group harmony |
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How are emotions expressed differently in individualist and collectivist culture? |
Individualist: • It is more accepted and common to express emotions (even negative ones like anger) within one's social group Collectivist: • It is least accepted and common to display negative emotions within one's social group bc they are an extension of yourself and are most important; Instead it's only acceptable to display negative emotions toward other social groups (strangers) |
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What are the I-self and the we-self? |
I-self = The individualist perception that only the individual can decide who they are; that the focus is on "I" and making oneself happy and successful We-self = The collectivist perception that one's social group is an extension of the individual; your self worth is based on how you view your group and not just yourself; focuses on maintaining good group relationships |
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What evidence is presented against love as a universal emotion? |
• In certain cultures, there is a lot of overlap between love and happiness and this creates the idea that love is a version of happiness/cannot be experienced without it ° Emotion - name sorting studies had people in different countries put emotions into groups 》》 found that pople in China and Ifaluk put love and happiness together • Love prototype contains components of happiness prototype; When people are asked how they experience love and happiness there is usually a lot of overlap • Love is a broad experience ° There are different types of love (maternal vs. passionate love) ° There are many emotions mentioned that are described as being felt when one experiences love |
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What is amae? |
A type of love that is characterized by mutual interdependence (both partners can go to each other for support) |
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What evidence supports love as a universal emotion? |
Anthropology: ° One study that examined the records of cultures from around the world found that 89% of the cultures included in the research specifically mentioned love ° Another anthropologist's study found that every culture she worked with had 7 core properties of love (Desire for union, idealization, intrusive thinking, emotional dependency, reordering of priorities, exclusivity, and sense of empathy and concern)
Ekman's Criteria for a Basic Emotion: ° Distinctive Universal Signals - love = physical contact, eyegaze, softer high-pitched voice ° Distinctive Feeling State - Love has a unique heightened interest with a desire for closeness ° Presence in Other Mammals - we see ⬆️ in physical contact and eye gaze b/w mammalian mates and parents + children ° Distinctive Physiology - Love produces a unique physiological response 》 oxytocin (NT) is released during times of bonding ° Distinct Antecedents (trigger) - Your loved ones/people behaving in ways associated with love are the triggers for you to feel love ° Quick Onset - Emotions are triggered quickly ° Brief Duration - The surge of emotion isn't experienced for a long amount of time ° Automatic and Unbidden Appraisal- The response to the trigger should be automatic, it can't be willed |
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What are the core properties of love? |
Desire for union Idealization Intrusive thinking (about partner) Emotional dependency Reordering of priorities Exclusivity Sense of empathy + concern |
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What is the facial affect program? |
Suggests that there is a neurological predisposition to experience an emotional expression in response to emotional stimuli |
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What is a display rule? |
We can control and override the facial affect program; People can regulate their emotional displays/expressions |
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What did Ekman find in the research study of Japanese and American students watching disturbing videos? |
• When there was a researcher present US students displayed high amounts of disgust, but Japanese students displayed no disgust °Likely because in collectivist cultures it's considered rude to show disgust in front of others • When there was no researcher present, and the students thought they weren't being watched US students still displayed high rates of disgust and Japanese students displayed high rates of disgust |
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What are Ekman's criteria for a basic emotion? |
• Distinctive universal signs • Distinctive feeling state (you can't break it down into diff. emotions) • Presence in other mammals • Distinctive physiology • Distinctive antecedents (triggers) • Quick onset (emotions are triggered quickly) • Brief duration (the surge of emotion isn't exp. for a long time) • Automatic and unbidden appraisal (The response to the trigger should be automatic, it can't be willed) |
