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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Longitudinal study |
Developmental research design that measures one cohort over two or more times of measurement |
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Microgenetic Study |
Longitudinal design in which participants are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks |
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Sequential design |
Developmental research design involving combinations of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs |
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Gerontology |
Study of aging from maturity through old age |
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Cross-sectional design |
Design in which people of different cohorts are observed at one time of measurement |
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Life-span perspective |
Division of human life into two phases: childhood/adolescence and young/middle/late adulthood |
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Biological force |
One of four basic forces of development that includes all genetic and health related factors |
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Psychological force |
One of four basic forces of development that includes all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors |
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Sociocultural force |
One of four basic forces of development that include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors |
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Life-cycle force |
Reflection of how the same event or combination of forces affects people at different points in life |
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Biopsychosocial framework |
Way of organizing the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development |
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Cohort |
Group of people born at the same point or specific time span in historical time |
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Normative age-graded influence |
Experience caused by biological, psychological,and sociocultural forces closely related to a person's age |
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Normative history graded influence |
Event that most people in a specific culture experience at the same time |
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Nonnormative influence |
Random event that is important to an individual but does not happen to most people |
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Primary aging |
Normal, disease free development during adulthood |
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Secondary aging |
Developmental change related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmental changes that are not inevitable |
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Tertiary aging |
Rapid loss occurring shortly before death |
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Emerging adulthood |
Period when individuals are not adolescents but are not yet fully adults |
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Plasticity |
Belief that capacity is not fixed, but can be learned or improved with practice |
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Reliability |
Ability of a measure to produce the same value when used repeatedly |
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Validity |
Degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure |
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Systematic observation |
Measurement involving watching people and carefully recording what they say or do |
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Self-reports |
People's answers to questions about a topic of interest |
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Experiment |
Study in which an independent variable is manipulated to observe effects on a dependent variable |
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Correlational study |
Investigation in which the strength of association between variables is examined |
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Case study |
Intensive investigation of individual people |
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Age effect |
Fundamental influence which reflects the influence of time-dependent processes on development |
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Cohort effect |
Fundamental influence which reflects differences caused by ones individual experiences and circumstances |
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Time-of-measurement effect |
Fundamental influence which results from the time at which the data are collected |
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Confounding |
Situation in which one cannot determine which effect is responsible for observed behavior |
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Meta-analysis |
Synthesis of the results of many studies with intent to estimate relations between variables |
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Congestive heart failure |
Condition occurring when cardiac output and the ability of the heart to contract severely decline |
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Angina pectoris |
Painful condition cause by temporary constriction of blood flow to the heart |
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Myocardial infarction |
Heart attack |
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Atherosclerosis |
Process by which fat is deposited on the walls of arteries |
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Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
Interruption of the blood flow in the brain |
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Hypertension |
Disease in which ones blood pressure is too high |
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Telomere |
Tip of the chromosome that shortens with each replication |
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Telomerase |
Enzyme needed in DNA replication to fully reproduce tips of chromosomes when cells divide |
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Cross-linking |
Random interaction between proteins that produce molecules that make the body stiffer |
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Free radical |
Deleterious and short-lived chemical that causes changes in cells and is thought to result in aging |
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Osteoporosis |
Degenerative bone disease in which bone tissue deteriorates severely to produce honeycomb-like bone tissue |
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Osteoarthritis |
Disease marked by gradual onset and progression of pain and swelling |
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Rheumatoid arthritis |
Disease that develops slowly and involves severe swelling in several joints |
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Presbyopia |
Normative age-related loss of the ability to focus on nearby objects |
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Cataract |
Opaque spot on the lens of the eye |
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Glaucoma |
Condition in the eye caused by abnormal drainage of fluid |
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Presbycusis |
Normative age-related loss of the ability to hear high pitched tones |
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
Family of age-related lung diseases that block the passage of air and cause lung abnormalities |
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Emphysema |
Severe lung disease that greatly reduces the ability to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen |
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Climacteric |
Transition during which a woman's reproductive capacity ends and ovulation stops |
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Menopause |
Cessation of the release of eggs by the ovaries |
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Perimenopause |
Time of transition from regular menstruation to menopause |
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Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) |
Treatment of low doses of estrogen and progestin taken to counter the effects of declining estrogen levels |
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Autonomic nervous system |
Network made up of the nerves in the body outside the brain and spinal column |
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Primary appraisal |
Idea that events are categorized based on the significance they have for our well-being |
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Secondary Appraisal |
Assessment of our perceived ability to cope with harm, threat, or challenge |
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Reappraisal |
Act of making a new assessment or reassessment resulting from changes in the situation |
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Average longevity |
Time it takes for half of all people born in a certain year to die |
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Maximum longevity |
Length of time an organism can live |
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Health |
Absence of acute and chronic physical or mental disease and impairments |
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Illness |
Presence of a physical or mental disease or impairment |
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Autoimmunity |
Process by which the immune system begins attacking the body |
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Psychoneuroimmunology |
Study of psychological, neurological, and immunological systems that affect our ability to recover from disease |
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Acute disease |
Condition that develops over a short period of time and causes rapid change in health |
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Chronic disease |
Condition that lasts at least 3 months and may be accompanied by residual functional impairment |
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Stress and coping paradigm |
Model that views stress as the interaction of a thinking person and an event |
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Coping |
Attempt to deal with stress |
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Problem-focused coping |
Dealing with stress by attempting to tackle a problem head on |
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Emotion-focused coping |
Dealing with stress by dealing with ones feelings about the stressful event |
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Diabetes mellitus |
Disease that occurs when the pancreas produces insufficient insulin |
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Type 1 diabetes |
Diabetes that tends to develop earlier in life and requires the use of insulin |
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Type 2 diabetes |
Diabetes that tends to develop in adulthood and is effectively managed through diet |
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Incontinence |
Occasional or persistent loss of ability to control elimination of urine and feces |
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Stress incontinence |
Incontinence that happens when pressure in the abdomen exceeds the ability to resist urinary flow |
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Urge incontinence |
Incontinence caused by a central nervous system problem after a stroke or urinary tract infection |
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Overflow incontinence |
Incontinence usually cause by improper contraction of the kidneys |
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Functional incontinence |
Incontinence usually caused when the person is unaware of the need to urinate |
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Absorption |
Time needed for a medication to enter a patient's bloodstream |
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Drug metabolism |
Process of getting rid of medications in the bloodstream, partly in the liver |
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Drug excretion |
Process of elimination medications through urine, sweat, feces, and saliva |
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Polypharmacy |
Use of multiple medications |
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Disability |
Effect of chronic conditions on people's ability to engage in necessary or expected activities |
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Compression of morbidity |
Situation in which the average age when one becomes disabled is postponed |
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Risk factor |
Long-standing behavior or condition that increases ones chances of functional limitation or disability |
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Exacerbator |
Consequence that makes a situation worse than it was originally |
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Functional health status |
How well a person performs in daily life |
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Activity of daily living (ADL) |
Basic self care task such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, and dressing |
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Instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) |
Action that entails some intellectual competence and planning |
