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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sampling |
How we choose who participates in ourstudy |
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Types of sampling |
probability and nonprobability |
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probability sampling |
Means that you can explain the likelihood(percentage) that any individual has for becoming a participant. |
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Random sample |
•everyindividual in the population has an equal chance of being selected |
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Why random samples are not always possible |
–Costly–Timeconsuming–Difficult |
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representative sample |
is a sample that includes individuals/participantsrepresentative of a larger population |
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Advantages of representative samples |
–“Represents”the larger population–Lookslike the population, only smaller–Shouldbe able to accurately make conclusions and apply it to other samples |
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•Disadvantages of representatives sample |
–Createssamplingerror–Needto keep in mind margin of error |
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sampling error |
error in a statistical analysis arising from the unrepresentativeness of the sample taken. |
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margin of error |
an amount (usually small) that is allowed for in case of miscalculation or change of circumstances. |
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SimpleRandom Sampling |
•Everypossible sample (from the total population) has the same chance of beingselected |
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sampling frame |
listof all possible participants in a population |
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SystematicSampling |
•Choosingevery nth person from a sample |
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Problem with systematic sampling |
• notevery person in the sample has equal likelihood of becoming a participant |
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StratifiedRandom Sampling |
•Dividethe population into stratabefore conducting simple random sampling |
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ClusterSampling |
•Beforechoosing participants, you choose groupings of individuals–Geographically–Byinstitutions |
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•a multi-stagecluster samplingmethod |
–Randomlychoose state–Randomlychoose counties–Randomlychoose schools–Randomlychoose participants |
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•Most psychology (and other sciences) use this type of sampling |
Nonprobabiltiy sampling |
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Nonprobabiltiy sampling |
is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected. |
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ConvenienceSampling |
sample made up of people who are easy to reach. |
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QuotaSampling |
•Conveniencesample that ensures certain types of people are included in the study |
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PurposiveSampling |
•Usingpast research to tell you who to sample |
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Problemswith Sampling |
•Whochooses to respond•Whatyou are asking about•Individualdifferences •Amountof compensation |
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BasicEthical Guidelines |
Must do one of the following:–Addto our basic knowledge –Improvea procedure–Improvea program –Improvequality of life |
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Thingsresearchers must do |
–Provideinformed consent• –MinimizeHarm–Debriefparticipants |
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Informed consent |
Ensure confidentiality/anonymity •Ensure knowledge that participation is voluntary |
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Minimizing Harm |
Therisk of harm must be no greater than in ordinary life. |
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DECEPTION |
•Onlyused when knowing ahead of time might influence participants’ responses••Deceptioncannot cause undue stress••Participantsmust be fully debriefed afterwards |
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Debriefing |
•Askopen-ended questions •Providea contact so participants can follow-up with additional questions if needed•Funneleddebriefing is best |
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Funnel debriefing |
when you start with the most abstract and open-ended questions and then funnel down to the most specific and closed-ended questions |
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IRB(and Scientific) Violations |
Fabrication, Falsification, Plagiarism, Ethicalstandards, Suppressingdata |
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Fabrication |
making up data |
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Falsification |
•manipulatingphysical aspects to get the results you want |
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Plagiarism |
•usinganother person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving credit |
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Suppressingdata |
•ignoringresults because it won’t be “popular” |
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DescriptiveResearch |
•Goalis to describe behavior and/or characteristics of a population••Althoughit helps describe what people think or do, it doesn’t explain why•Importantto psychologists because it can help lead to questions that need answered |
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Types of descriptive research |
–Survey–Demographic–Epidemiological |
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SurveyResearch |
Use questionnaires, interviews orobservational methods to ask participants questions, Importantly survey does not meanquestionnaire! |
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Cross-Sectional Survey Design |
•Singlegroup that is supposed to represent thepopulation••One-shotdeal |
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Successive Independent SamplesSurvey Design |
•Twoor more different samples complete the same survey at different time points••Importantly,they are different individuals at point 1 and 2 |
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Longitudinal Survey Design |
Surveying (the same) participants morethan once |
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Attrition |
whenparticipants drop out of the study over time |
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DemographicResearch |
•Describesbasic life events of a particular sample/population |
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EpidemiologicalResearch |
•Studyof disease and death (including mental disorders)•Canhelp psychologists learn if there are certain social groups more or less atrisk |
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Measuresof central tendency |
Mean, Median, mode |
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Measuresof variability |
–Range–Variance–Standarddeviation |
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Nominal scales |
Answers to questions that correspond tobehaviors or characteristics |
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Interval Scales |
•Tellsus the rank order or responses and thedifference in-between each value•Notrue zero value ••Zerodoes not mean the absence of something EX. TEMPERATURE |
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RatioScales |
•Includeseverything –Meaningfuldistance between numbers–Truezero point–Zeromeans absence of–Numberscorrespond to numbers and not labels EX. WEIGHT |
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Fourmain causes of error variance |
1.Individualdifferences (stable attributes)2.Situationalfactors 3Characteristicsof the measure 4 mistakes |
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Reliability |
•SystematicVariance divided by Total Variance |
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Test-retestreliability |
>.7 |
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InteritemReliability |
•Usedwhen we have multiple questions to help us measure a behavior or characteristic••Helpsus understand if the items are consistent with each other AND how they work asa group–Meansthat items need to be .3 or higher with the other items |
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Cronbach's Alpha |
>.7 |
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Face Validity |
•Onthe surface, it looks like we are measuring what we want to |
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convergent validity |
Shouldhave high correlation with other measures that are similar |
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discriminant validity |
Shouldhave low correlation with items that are different |
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Criterion-RelatedValidity |
•Tellsus whether we can predict a behavioral outcome from a measure |