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449 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sex and Aggression |
Twin cornerstones of psychoanalysis |
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The Interpretation of Dreams |
Freud's greatest work |
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On Dreams |
1901/1953 Published because Interpretation of Dreams failed to capture interest |
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Psychopathology of Everyday Life |
1901/1960 Introduced Freudian slips |
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Three essays on the Theoy of Sexuality |
1905/1953 Established sex as the cornerstone of psychoanalysis |
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Jokes and their relation to the Unconscious |
1905/1960 Proposed that jokes have unconscious meanings |
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1. Unconscious 2. Preconscious 3. Conscious |
Levels of Mental Life/Consciousness |
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Unconscious |
Reservoir of all of the drives, urges, memories, affects or instincts that lie beyond our conscious awareness |
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Unconscious |
Motivates most of our thoughts, feelings, actions, and behaviors despite being unaware of these underlying factors |
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Preconscious |
Represents "ordinary memory" |
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Preconscious |
Consists of all the elements that are not consciously acknowledged but can become conscious either quite readilu or with some difficulty |
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Conscious |
Mental elements that are present in awareness at any given time |
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Conscious |
Only level of mental life directly available to us |
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Id Superego Ego |
Provinces of the mind |
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The Id |
(The It) Most primitive part of the mind |
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Id |
Only personality component present since birth |
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Id |
Considered as the core of personality |
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Id |
Freud believed this is the source of all psychic energy |
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Newborn infant |
Id personified is... |
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Id |
Comletely unconscious and has no contact with reality |
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The Superego |
Over/above I |
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Superego |
Grows out of the ego at around 5 years of age |
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Superego |
Has no contact with the external world |
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Superego |
Holds all moral standards and ideals |
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Ego-ideal Conscience |
Components of the superego |
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Ego-ideal |
Component of the superego that tells us what we should do |
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Conscience |
Component of the superego that tells us what we should not do |
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Guilt |
Function of the conscience |
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Inferiority |
Function of the ego-ideal |
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Ego |
(The I) Developed from the id during infancy |
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Ego |
Only province of the mind that deals with reality |
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Ego |
Province of the mind present in all levels of mental life |
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Ego |
Governed by the reality principle |
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Ego |
Serves as mediator between the conflicts that arise from the conflicting demands of the superego, id, and external world |
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Psychopathology of Everyday Life |
1901/1960 Introduced Freudian slips |
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Three essays on the Theoy of Sexuality |
1905/1953 Established sex as the cornerstone of psychoanalysis |
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Jokes and their relation to the Unconscious |
1905/1960 Proposed that jokes have unconscious meanings |
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1. Unconscious 2. Preconscious 3. Conscious |
Levels of Mental Life/Consciousness |
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1. Unconscious 2. Preconscious 3. Conscious |
Levels of Mental Life/Consciousness |
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Unconscious |
Reservoir of all of the drives, urges, memories, affects or instincts that lie beyond our conscious awareness |
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Unconscious |
Motivates most of our thoughts, feelings, actions, and behaviors despite being unaware of these underlying factors |
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Preconscious |
Represents "ordinary memory" |
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Preconscious |
Consists of all the elements that are not consciously acknowledged but can become conscious either quite readilu or with some difficulty |
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Conscious |
Mental elements that are present in awareness at any given time |
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Conscious |
Only level of mental life directly available to us |
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Id Superego Ego |
Provinces of the mind |
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The Id |
(The It) Most primitive part of the mind |
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Id |
Only personality component present since birth |
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Id |
Considered as the core of personality |
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Id |
Freud believed this is the source of all psychic energy |
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Newborn infant |
Id personified is... |
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Id |
Comletely unconscious and has no contact with reality |
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The Superego |
Over/above I |
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Superego |
Grows out of the ego at around 5 years of age |
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Superego |
Has no contact with the external world |
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Superego |
Holds all moral standards and ideals |
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Ego-ideal Conscience |
Components of the superego |
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Ego-ideal |
Component of the superego that tells us what we should do |
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Conscience |
Component of the superego that tells us what we should not do |
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Guilt |
Function of the conscience |
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Inferiority |
Function of the ego-ideal |
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Ego |
(The I) Developed from the id during infancy |
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Ego |
Only province of the mind that deals with reality |
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Ego |
Province of the mind present in all levels of mental life |
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Ego |
Governed by the reality principle |
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Ego |
Serves as mediator between the conflicts that arise from the conflicting demands of the superego, id, and external world |
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Seek pleasure Reduce tension and anxiety |
The driving forces behind people's actions according to Freud |
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Motivational principle |
People are motivated to seek pleasure and to reduce tension and anxiety |
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Eros Thanatos |
Types of unconscious motives/drives |
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Eros |
Life Instinct |
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Thanatos |
Death Instinct Agrression |
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Id |
Where the drives originate |
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Ego |
Which controls the drives |
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Libido |
Psychic energy for the sex drive |
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Impetus Source Aim Object |
Characteristics of every basic drive |
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Impetus |
Characteristic of a basic drive which refers to the amount of force it exerts |
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Source |
Characteristic of a basic drive that refers to region of the body in the state of tension |
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Aim |
[CHARACTERISTIC OF EVERY BASIC DRIVE] Seek pleasure by reducing tension |
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Object |
[CHARACTERISTIC OF EVERY BASIC DRIVE] Person or thing that serves as the means for which the aim is satisfied |
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Pleasure |
Aim of the sexual drive |
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Mouth and anus |
Erogenous zones |
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Primary narcissism |
Sex can take many forms... |
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Primary narcissism |
Libido is invested almost exclusively on their own ego |
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Secondary narcissism |
During puberty, adolescents redirect their libido back to the ego and become preoccupied with personal appearance and other self-interests |
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Love |
Develops when other people invest their libido on an object or a person other than themselves |
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Aim-inhibited love |
Second type of love Repressed type Kind of love people feel for their parents or siblings |
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Sadism |
the need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person |
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Masochism |
sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted either by themselves or by others |
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Return the organism to an inorganic state |
Aim of the destructive drive |
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Teasing Gossip Sarcasm Humiliation Humor Enjoyment of Other People's Suffering |
Examples of Aggression |
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Aggressive drive |
Explains the need for reaction formation - involve the repression of strong impulses and the obvious expression of the opposite tendency |
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Repression Reaction Formation Displacement Fixation Regression Projection Introjection Sublimation Rationalization |
Defense mechanisms of Freud |
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Defense mechanism |
- a strategy used by the Ego to protect itself from anxiety - mental process that is typically unconsciously initiated to avoid conscious conflict or anxiety |
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Anxiety |
an unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid |
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Neurotic anxiety |
Unconscious worry of losing control of our own id's desires and impulses |
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Reality Anxiety |
fear of events that occur in the real world |
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Moral Anxiety |
Fear of violating our own moral principles |
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Neurotic Anxiety Reality Anxiety Moral Anxiety |
Types of Anxiety |
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Repression |
[DEFENSE MECHANISM] The action or process of suppressing a threatening thought in oneself so that it would remain within the unconscious |
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Repression |
The most basic defense mechanism |
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Reaction Formation |
[DEFENSE MECHANISM] Defensive process that consciously expresses a repressed feeling/emotion in the exact opposite or contrasting form |
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Reaction Formation |
defense mechanism which is identified by its exaggerated, compulsive, or obssesive nature |
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Displacement |
Defensive mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable urges onto a variety of other people or objects that are less threatening |
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Fixation |
Persistent focus of the id's pleasure-seeking impulses onto an earlier (and more comfortable) psychological stage of development |
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Fixation |
Defense mechanism that occrd when the ego decides to remain onto an earlier and more primitive state of psychosexual development |
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Regression |
Defensive mechanism that involves the process of returning back to a former sragr of psychological development |
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Projection |
Process of unconsciously attributing one's own negative impulses onto someone or something else |
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Projection |
Occurs when internal impulses provoke too much anxiety onto the ego of an individual |
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Introjection |
Defensive process whereinvan individyal replicates into its own self the desirable qualities of other people |
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Sublimation |
Defense mechanism that allows unacceptable impulses to be conveyed by transforming these into more socially appropriate and acceptable urges or actions |
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Sublimation |
Defense mechanism that benefits both society and individual |
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Rationalization |
Creating false excuses for one's unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behavior |
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Oral Phase Anal Phase Phallic Phase Latency Period Genital Period |
Freud's Stages of Development |
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Mouth |
First organ to provide an infant with pleasure |
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Oral receptive period |
Period within Freud's oral phase wherein infants feel no ambivalence towards the pleasurable object anf their needs are usually satisfied with a minimum frustation and anxiety |
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Oral sadistic period |
Period within Freud's oral phase wherein infants respond through biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling, crying |
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Thumbsucking |
First autoerotic experience |
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Oral Phase |
Freud's first stage of development |
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Anal phase |
Freud's second stage of development |
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(Sadistic)-anal phase |
Freud's stage of development characterized by satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and through the excretory function |
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Early anal period |
During this period children receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects |
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Late anal period |
Period during the anal phase wherein childrn sometimes take a friendly interest toward their feces, an interest that stems from the erotic pleasure of defecating |
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Anal character |
Character of a person who continue to receive erotic satisfaction by keeping and possessing objects and by arranging them in an excessively neat and orderly fashion |
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Orderliness Stinginess Obstinacy |
Anal triad |
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Phallic phase |
Third phase of Freud's stages of development |
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3-4 years of age |
Approximate age during the phallic phase |
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Genital area |
Leading erogenous zone during the phallic phase |
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Male Oedipus Complex |
Identification with his father, desire for his mother |
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Complete Oedipus complex |
Affection and hostility coexist because of one or more feelings may be unconsciousc |
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Castration complex |
Fear of losing the penis due to punishment |
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Castration anxiety |
Bursts forth only when the boy's ego is mature enough to comprehend the connection between sexual desire and the removal of the penis |
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Phylogenetic endowment |
Capability of filling the gaps of our individual experiences with the inherited experiences of our ancestors |
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Tender love |
When the boy's Oedipus complex is resolves, incestous desires change into |
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Penis envy |
Female Oedipus Complex Expressed as a wish to be a boy or a desire to have a man |
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Wish to have a baby |
Penis envy is carried over as... |
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Female Oedipus Complex |
Identification and hostility towards the mother |
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Simple female Oedipus complex |
Desire to have sexual intercourse with father |
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Latency period |
Freud's fourth stage of development that occurd during 4th to 5th year until puberty |
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Latency period |
Stage wherein there is parental suppression of sexual activity which represses their sexual drive and direct their psychic energy towards school, friendship, hobbies, and other nonsexual activities |
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Prohibition of sexual activity |
Partof our phylogenetic endowment and needs no personal experiences or punishment |
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Genital period |
Freud's last stage of development |
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Genital period |
Freud's Stage of development wherein there is a reawakening of the sexual aim |
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Psychological maturity |
(Freud) Stage attained after a person has passed through the earlier developmental stages in an ideal manner |
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Dream interpretation Hypnosis Pressure technique |
Techniques utilized by Freud |
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Neurotic symptoms |
Mostly related to childhood fantasies rather than material reality |
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Free association Dream analysis |
Freud's therapy techniques |
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Free association |
Therapeutic technique wherein the person convey all the thoughts and ideas that arrive to their mind |
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Transference |
The strong sexual and aggressive impulses that the person develop throughout their course of treatment |
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Manifest Content Latent Content |
Content of Dreams |
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Manifest Content |
Surface meaning of dreams |
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Latent content |
Unconscious material of dreams |
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Freudian slips |
Everyday slips of the tongue |
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Fehlleistung |
German term which translates to "faulty function" |
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Parapraxes |
Term coined by James Strachey |
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Occult phenomena |
[JUNG] Can and do influence the lives of everyone |
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Compendium of opposites |
[JUNG] Theory is a... |
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Repressed experience Emotionally toned experience from ancestors |
[JUNG] Motivation |
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Unconscious Conscious |
Levels of Psyche |
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Collective unconscious |
Most important part of the unconscious which springs from the distant past of human existence |
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Ego |
[JUNG] Center of consciousness not the core of personality |
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Personal unconsciou |
[JUNG] Repressed infantile memories, forgotten events, subliminally perceived experiences |
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Complexes |
Contents of the personal unconscious |
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Complexes |
May be partly conscious and may stem from both personal and collective unconscious |
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Complexes |
"Emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas" |
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Archetypes |
Ancient images derived from the collective unconscious |
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Archetypes |
Emotionally toned collection of associated images |
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Dreams Fantasies Delusions |
Archetypes are expressed through... |
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Dreams |
Source and contain proof of the existence of archetypes |
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Differentiation of the collective into archetypes |
Major difference between freud and jung |
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Persona Shadow Anima Animus Great Mother Wise Old Man Hero Self |
Archetypes |
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Persona |
Archetype which orginated from experiences with his no. 1 personality |
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Mask |
Side of the personality shown to the world |
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Shadow |
Archetype of darkness and repression |
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Shadow |
Qualities we don't acknowledge and wish to hide from ourselves and others |
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Strive to know our shadow |
First test of courage |
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Persona |
Identifying too much with this archetype hinderd us from self-realization |
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Anima |
Archetype Feminine side of men |
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Getting acquainted with the anima |
Second test of courage |
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Anima |
Archetype which originated from early man's experiences with women |
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Anima |
This influences the feeling side in man (explanation for irrational moods and feelings) |
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Animus |
Masculine archetype in women |
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Animus |
Archetype that is symbolic of thinking and reasoning |
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Animus |
Archetype which originates from the encounter of prehistoric men |
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Great mother Wise old man |
Archetypes that are derivatives of the anima and animus |
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Great mother |
Archetype associated with both positive and negative |
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Great mother |
Archetype that represents two opposing forces |
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Fertility and Nourishment Power and Destruction |
Two opposing forces represented by the great mother archetype |
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Fertility and nourishment |
Great mother archetype force symbolized by tree, garden, plowed field, sea, heaven, cooking, utensils, oven |
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Power and destruction |
Devouring and Neglecting offspring Great mother archetype force symbolized by Mother of God, Mother Nature, Mother Earth, step mother, witch |
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Rebirth |
(Great mother archetype) Fertility and Power combine to form ... |
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Rebirth |
Represented by processes like reincarnation, baptism, resurrection, self-realzation |
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Wise old man |
Archetype of wisdom and meaning |
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Wise old man |
Archetype that symbolizes human's pre-existing knowledge of the mysteried of life |
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Wise old man |
Archetype that guides political, religious, and social prophetd who appeal to reason and emotion |
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Wise old man |
Archetype personified in dreams as father, grandfather, teacher, philosopher, guru,doctor, priest |
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Wise old man |
Archetype symbolized by life itself |
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Hero |
Archetype representef in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god, to vanquish evil |
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Hero |
Person who is vulnerable (has a tragic flaw) |
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Self |
Archetype of archetypes |
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Self |
Unites all archetypes and unites them in the process of self-realization |
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Self |
Archetype symbolized by the person's ideas of perfection and wholeness |
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Mandala |
The ultimate symbol of the self archetype |
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Self |
Archetype that united the opposing elements of the psyche |
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Yin and yang |
Represents the self archetype Stands for unity, totality, and order (self-realization) |
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Causality and Teleology Progression and Regression |
[JUNG] Dynamics of Personality |
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Progression |
Adaptation to the outside world Involves forward flow of psychic energy |
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Regression |
Adaptation to the inner world Involves backward flow of psychic energy |
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Intraversion Extraversion |
Basic attitudes |
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Thinking Feeling Sensing Intuiting |
Functions |
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Psychological types |
Grow out of a union of two basic attitudes and four separate functions |
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Attitude |
Predisposition to act or react in a characteristics direction |
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Introversion |
Basic attitude The turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective |
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Introverts |
People who are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions |
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Extraversion |
Basic attitude The turning outward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the objective |
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Extraverts |
People who are morr influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world |
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Feeling |
Function A process of evaluating an idea or event (similar to valuing) |
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Extraversion + Feeling |
Use objective data to make evaluations |
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Introversion + Feeling |
Base their value judgments primarily on subjective perceptions rather than objective facts |
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Thinking |
Function Logical intellectual activity that produced a chain of ideas |
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Extraversion + Thinking |
Rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas |
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Introversion + Thinking |
React to external stimuli, but their interpretation is colored by the meaning it brings them rather than by objective facts |
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Sensing (Sensation)
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Function the function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness |
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Extraversion + Sensing |
Perceive external stimuli objectively |
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Introversion + Sensing |
Influenced by their subjective sensations of sight, sound, taste, touch, etc. They are guided by their interpretation of sense stimuli rather than the stimuli itself |
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Intuiting (Intuition) |
Involves perception beyond the working consciousness |
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Extraversion + Intuiting |
Oriented towards facts in the external world |
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Introversion + Intuiting |
Guided by unconscious perception of facts that are basically subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality |
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Word association test |
Jung's method of investigation |
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Word association test |
Its basic purpose is to uncover feeling-toned complexes |
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Restricted breathing Changes in the electrical conductivity of the brain Delayed reactions Multiple responses Disregard of instructions Inability to pronounce a common word Failure to respond Inconsistency on test |
Critical responses in a word association test |
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Blushing Stammering Laughing Coughing Sighing Clearing of throat Crying Excessive body movements Repetition of the word |
Significant response in a word association test |
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Freud |
Believes that all dreams are wish fulfilment and dream symbols represent sexual urges |
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Jung |
Believes that dream symbols represent a variety of concepts not only sexual ones |
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Typical dreams |
Include archetypal dreams Events: Birth, Death, separation from parents, baptism Objects: sun, water, fish, snakes, predatory animals |
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Earliest dreams remembered |
- traced back to age 3 or 4 - contain mythological and symbolic images - contain archetypal motifs |
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Active Imagination |
Technique used by Jung during his own self analysis with his patients |
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Active imagination |
Technique which requires a person to begin with any impression with the purpose of revealing archetypal images |
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1. Confession of a pathogenic secret 2. Interpretation, Explanation, & Elucidation 3. Education of Patients as Social Beings 4. Transformation |
Jung's 4 Basic Approaches to therapy |
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Confession of a pathogenic secret |
Basic approach to therapy used by Josef Bruer & Anna O - Effective for patients who have a need to share their secrets |
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Interpretation, Explanation, & Elucidation |
Basic approach used by Freud which gives patients insight into the causes of their neuroses but may still leave them incapable of solving social problems |
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Education of Patients as Social Beings |
Basic approach used by Adler which leaves patients merely socially adjusted |
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Transformation |
Basic approach where a therapist must be transformed into a healthy human being after such transformation, therapist is able to help patients move towards self-realization |
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Transference |
phenomenon where we unconsciously transfer feelings and attitudes from a person or situation in the past on to a person/situation in the present |
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Countertransference |
Used to describe a therapist's feeling towards a patient |
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Epigenetic principle |
The ego develops according to a predetermined rate and in a fixed sequence, with each stage developing in its proper time |
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post-Freudian theory |
extends Freud's infantile development stages into adolescence, adulthood, and old age |
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Social and historical influences |
Erikson put emphasis on these |
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Psychosocial struggle |
present in each stage - various developmental crises or tasks that developed naturally and inevitably at various points in the life cycle |
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Developmental task |
psychosocial in nature and can be a turning point of increased vulnerability or enhanced potential |
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Psychosocial strength (virtue) |
If a stage is managed well, one emerges with |
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Maladaptations and malignancies |
If a stage is not managed well, one emerges with |
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Ego |
[ERIKSON] A positive force that creates a self-identity, a sense of "I" |
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Ego |
[FREUD] Constantly attempting to balance blind demands of the superego against the relentless forces of the id and the realistic opportunities of the external world |
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Ego |
[ERIKSON] Center of personality |
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Ego |
[ERIKSON] Partially unconscious organizing agency that synthesizes our present experiences with past self-identities and also with anticipated images of self |
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Ego |
[ERIKSON, 1953] Person's ability to unify experiences and actions in an adaptive manner |
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Body ego Ego ideal Ego identity |
Three aspects of the Ego |
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Body Ego |
Experiences with our body - A way of seeing our physical self as different for other people |
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Ego ideal |
Represents the image we have of ourselves in comparison with an established ideal -Responsible with our (dis)satisfaction with our entire personal identity |
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Ego identity |
The image we have for ourselves in the variety of social roles we play |
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Epigenitic principle |
One component part arises out of another and has its own time of ascendancy, but it does not entirely replace earlier components |
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Ego quality/ ego strength (basic strength) |
The conflict between dystonic and syntonic elements produce an... |
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Core pathology |
Developed when there is too little basic strength at any one stage |
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Ego identity |
shaped by a multiplicity of conflicts and events |
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Infancy Early Childhood Play Age School Age Adolescence Young Adulthood Middle Adulthood Old Age |
Stages of Psychosocial Development |
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Infancy |
A time of taking in |
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Oral-sensory mode |
[ERIKSON] the infant's principal psychosexual mode of adapting |
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Receiving Accepting |
2 Modes of Incorporation in Oral-Sensory Mode |
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Receiving |
Mode of Incorporation wherein the infant receive not only food but also sensory data |
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Accepting |
Mode of Incorporation wherein the infant must not only get but also must get someone else to give |
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Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust |
Psychosocial crisis in Infancy |
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Primary caregiver/s |
Significant person/s in infancy stage |
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Basic trust |
built when the baby's needs are consistently met by responsive, sensitive caregivers |
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Confidence and security |
Child gains these if trust develops successfully |
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Basic mistrust |
Develops if infant's needs are not met and the infant does not find the world responsive to his needs |
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Hope |
Basic strength of infancy |
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Withdrawal |
Core pathology of infancy Antithesis of hope |
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Early childhood |
[ERIKSON] Psychosocial stage wherein young children receive pleasure not only from mastering the sphincter muscle but also from mastering other body functions |
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Anal-Urethral-Muscular Mode |
[ERIKSON] Mode in early childhood wherein children learn to control their body (cleanliness and mobility) |
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Early childhood |
[ERIKSON] A time of contradiction, a time of stubborn rebellion and meek compliance, a time of impulsive self-expression and compulsive deviance, a time of loving cooperation and hateful resistance |
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Autonomy vs shame and doubt |
Psychosocial struggle in the early childhood |
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Autonomy |
Grows out of basic trust Children learns to have faith in themselves |
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Shame and doubt |
Children experience these when they don't gain control of their anal, urethral, and muscular organs |
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Shame |
A feeling of self-consciousness, of being looked at and exposed |
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Doubt |
A feeling of not being certain, the feeling that something remains hidden and cannot be seen |
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Will |
Basic strength of early childhood |
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Early childhood |
beginning of free will and willpower |
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Toilet training |
epitomizes the conflict of wills between adult and child - the child striving for autonomy and the parents attempt to control the child through the use of shame and doubt |
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Compulsion |
Core pathology of early childhood -inadequate will |
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Play age |
psychosocial stage which covers the same period as Freud's phallic phase |
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Genital-Locomotor Mode |
[ERIKSON] Mode in play age wherein children develop locomotion, language skills, curiosity, imagination and the ability to set goals in addition to identifying with their parents |
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Oedipus complex |
[ERIKSON] A drama played in a child's imagination and includes the budding understanding of basic concepts of reproduction, growth, future, and death |
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Child's play |
[ERIKSON] Expression not only of the genital mode but also of the child's rapidly growing locomotor abilities |
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Initiative and imagination |
Child's play shows... |
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Initiative vs Guilt |
Psychosocial crisis of the play age stage |
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Sexuality and sex differences |
Erikson agreed with Freud that the child is interested with ... |
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Guilt |
consequence of taboo and inhibited goals |
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Inhibition |
Core pathology of the play age stage Antipathy of purpose |
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Purpose |
Basic strength during play age |
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Play age |
stage in which children are developing a conscience and beginning to attach labels such as right and wrong to their behavior |
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Youthful conscience |
Develops during play age and becomes the cornerstone of morality |
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School age |
Erikson's psychosocial stage that matches Freud's latency period |
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School age |
erikson agreed with Freud that this is a period of psychosexual latency |
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(Sexual) Latency |
It allows children to divert their energies to learning of their culture and strategies of their social interactions. |
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School age |
period wherein the child "learns to win recognition by producing things" |
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Industry vs Inferiority |
Psychosocial crisis of school age |
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School age |
time of tremendous social growth |
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Industry |
develops as they learn to do things well |
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Inferiority |
develops when they fail to accomplish their goals |
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Competence |
basic strength of school age |
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Competence |
confidence to use one's physical and cognitive abilities to solve problems |
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Inertia (the regression) |
Core pathology of school age Antithesis of competence |
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Adolescence |
[ERIKSON] One of the most crucial developmental stages because at the end of this stage a person must gain a sense of ego identity |
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Identity vs identity confusion |
Psychosocial crisis of adolescence |
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Fidelity |
basic strength of adolescence |
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Adolescence |
a period of social latency |
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Adolescence |
an adaptive phase of personality development, a period of trial and error |
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Identity |
The awareness of the fact that there is a self-sameness and continuity to the ego's synthesizing methods - style of one's individuality |
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Identity confusion |
a dilemma intensified by discovering what they do not wish to be and what they do not |
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Adolescents' affirmation or repudiation of childhood identifications Their historical and social contexts |
Two sources of identity |
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A divided self-image An inability to establish intimacy A sense of time urgency A lack of concentration on required tasks A rejection of family or community standards |
Identity confusion is a syndrome of problems that includes: |
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Moratorium |
A period when the adolescent is free to explore various possible adult roles without having the obligation of real adulthood |
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Fidelity |
the ability to sustain loyalties freely pledged in spite of the inevitable contradictions of value systems |
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Hope, will, purpose, competence |
Strengths in earlier stages are pre-requisites for acquiring fidelity |
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Role repudiation |
Core pathology of adolescence which blocks one's ability to synthesize various self-images and values into a workable identity |
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Diffidence |
extreme lack of self-trust or self-confidence shyness or hesitancy to express oneself |
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Defiance |
act of rebelling against authority |
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Young adulthood |
psychosocial stage wherein people must acquire the ability to fuse that identity with the identity of another person while maintaining their sense of individuality |
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Intimacy vs Isolation |
psychosocial crisis of adulthood |
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Geniality Moe |
Mode in young adulthood wherein true geniality can develop when it is distinguished by mutual trust and a stable sharing of sexual satisfactions with a loved person
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Forming intimate relationship with others
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Developmental task in young adulthood |
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Intimacy |
to fuse one's identity with that of another person without fear of losing it |
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Unsure identity |
may either shy away from psychosocial intimacy or desperately seek intimacy |
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Mature identity |
ability and willingness to share a mutual trust which involves sacrifice, compromise, and commitment within a relationship of two equals |
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Isolation |
the incapacity to take chances with one's identity by sharing true intimacy |
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Distantiation |
the readiness to repudiate, isolate, and if necessary destroy those forces and people whose essence seems dangerous to one's own |
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love |
Basic strength of young adulthood |
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Love |
mature devotion that overcomes basic difference between men and women |
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Mature love |
means commitment, sexual passion, cooperation, and friendhip |
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Exclusivity |
Core pathology of young adulthood - pathological when it blocks one' ability to cooperate, compete or compromise |
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Middle Adulthood |
psychosocial stage wherein people begin to take their place in society and assume responsibility for whatever society produces |
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Middle Adulthood |
longest amongst the stages for most |
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Procreativity Mode |
mode in middle adulthood |
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Procreativity |
More than genital contact with an intimate partner - Responsibility for the care of offspring that result from that intimate contact |
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Procreativity |
Encompasses working productively to transmit to culture from generation to the next |
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Generativity vs Stagnation |
psychosocial crisis of middle adulthood |
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Generativity |
the generation of new beings as well as new products and new ideas |
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Generativity |
concerned with establishing and guiding the next generation |
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Care |
basic strength of middle adulthood |
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Care |
It is not a duty or obligation but a natural desire coming from the conflict between generativity and stagnation |
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Rejectivity |
core pathology of middle adulthood manifested as self-centeredness |
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Self-centeredness |
The belief that other groups of people are inferior to one's own |
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Old age |
psychosocial stage that can be a time of joy, playfulness, and wonder, but also a time of senility, depression, and despaire |
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Integrity vs despair |
Psychosocial crisis of old age |
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Wisdom |
basic strength of old age |
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Generalized Sensuality Mode |
Mode during old age wherein a generalized sensual attitude is dependent on one's ability to hold things together - To maintain integrity in the face of despair |
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Integrity |
being able to look back on one's life and decide that it is meaningful |
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Despair |
a sense of dissatisfaction with life is the retrospective glances are negative |
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Wisdom |
informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself |
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Wisdom |
draws from and contributes to traditional knowledge passed from generation to generation |
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Disdain |
core pathology of old age antithesis of wisdom |
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Disdain |
A reaction to feeling in an increasing state of being finished, confused, helpless |
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Ninth Stage |
[ERIKSON] |
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Psychohistory |
Erikson's method of investigation |
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Psychohistory |
the study of individual and collective life with the combined methods of psychoanalysis and history |
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Psychohistory |
a reflection of his fundamental belief that each person is a product of his or her historical time and that those historical times are influences by exceptional leaders experiencing a personal identity conflcit |
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Personality |
[ERIKSON] A product of history, culture, biology |
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1. External forces 2. Pessimism vs optimism 3. Causality vs. Teleology 4. Conscious vs. Unconscious determinants 5. Social than Biological 6. Uniqueness vs. similarities |
Six dimension of the concept of humanity |
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Individual psychology |
Presents an optimistic view of people while resting heavily on the notion of social interest |
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Social influences Striving for superiority or success |
[ADLER] People are motivated by |
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People's view of the future (teleology) |
[ADLER] Cause of behavior |
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Weak, inferior bodies |
[ADLER] People are born with |
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Social interest |
[ADLER] The ultimate standard for psychological health A feeling of unity with others |
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1. Striving for Success or Superiority 2. People's Subjective Perceptions 3. Personality 4. Social Interest 5. Style of Life 6. Crestive Power |
Main Tenets of Adler |
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Striving for Success or Superiority |
The one dynamic force behind people's behavior |
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People's Subjective Perceptions |
Shape their behavior and personality |
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Personality |
[ADLER] Unified and self-consistent |
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Social interest |
The value of all human activity is geared towards this |
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Style of Life |
Self consistent personality structure |
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Creative power |
Molds the person's style of life |
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Individual psychology |
Holds that everyone begins life with physical deficiencies that activate feelings of inferiority |
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Psychologically unhealthy individuals |
People who strive for personal superiority over others |
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Psychologically healthy individuals |
People who seek success for all of humanity |
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Man's striving for perfection |
Fundamental law of human life |
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Striving force |
Desire we all have to fulfill our potentials, to come closer and closer to our ideal |
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Final goal |
Guides the individual regardless of motivation |
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Final goal |
Fictional and has no objective existence but has great significance because it unifies personality and renders all behaviors comprehensible |
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Creative power |
The people's ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own personality |
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Basic motivation |
[ADLER] Compensation or striving to overcome |
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Creative power |
Responsible for personality |
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1. Socially non-productive attempt to gain personal superiority 2. Involves social interest and is aimed at success or perfection for everyone |
Two avenues of striving |
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Negative/destructive goal of superiority |
Strive for superiority through selfishness and concern for personal glory at the expense of others |
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Positive/constructive goal of superiority |
Efforts for a superior way of life are ultimately bound with concern for the welfare of others |
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People's subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality |
Adler's 2nd tenet |
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Individual subjectivity |
Behavior is always dependent on people's opinion of themselves and the environments with which they must cope |
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Fictions |
Ideas that have no real existence yet influence people as if they really existed Hans Vaihinger |
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Subjective perception of what is true |
People are motivated not by what is true but by... |
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Feelings of inferiority |
Impetus for perfection or completion |
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Move towards psychological health and useful life style Overcompensate the inferiority Subdue or retreat from othef people |
How people overcome/compensate for feelings of inferiority |
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Organ inferiority |
Congenitally weak or poorly functioning organs |
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Inferiority complex |
Exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy |
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Inferior organs Overindulgence Neglect |
Childhood handicaps contributing to inferiority complex |
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Superiority complex |
A tendency to exaggerate one's physical, intellectual, or social skills |
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Personality is unified and self-consistent |
3rd Tenet |
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Individual psychology |
Stresses the belief that each person is unique and indivisible |
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Style of life |
Self-consistent and unified personality structure |
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Organ dialect |
The body's organd speak a language that is more expressive and discloses the individual's opinion more clearly than words do |
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Conscious thoughts |
Underdtood and regarded by the individul as helpful in striving for success |
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Unconscious thoughts |
Part of the goal that is neither clearlu formulated nor completely understood by the individual |
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The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest |
4th Tenet |
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Person |
A unified relational system and an integral part of larger systems |
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Alfred Adler |
First social psychologist in the modern history of personology |
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Social interest |
Gemeinschaftsgefühl A feeling of oneness or an attitude of relatedness with all humanity, implyig membership with all humanity, social solidarity |
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The self-consistent personality structure develops intk a person's style of life. |
5th tenet |
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Style of life |
Life plan or guiding image |
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Style of life |
Person's unique mode of adaptation to life |
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Style of life |
Product of the interaction of heredity, environment and person's creative power |
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Work Friendship Love |
Style of life involves 3 major problems |
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The Ruling Type |
Personality type characterized by a tendency to be assertive, aggressive and dominant over others in an unsocial way |
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Ruling type |
Personality tyle that strive for personal power |
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Ruling type |
Personality type which possess a dominatinh attitude and confront tasks in a hostile, antisocial manner |
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Leaning/Getting Type |
Personality type who are sensitive people who have low enetby levels and become dependent on others to carry them through life's difficulties |
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Avoiding type |
Personality type who have the lowedt energy levels and survive by avoiding life and other people |
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Socially-Useful Type |
Personality type who is the healthy person - has both social interest and energy, and expressed genuin concern for and communion with other people |
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Ruling Type Leaning/Getting Type Avoiding Type Socially-Useful Type |
[ADLER] 4 types of personaality |
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Styleof life is molded by people's creative power |
6th tenet |
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Alfred Adler |
Forerunner of modern humanistic psychology |
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Creative power |
Makes each person a self-determined individual |
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Under-developed social interest |
Cause of maladjustment |
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Exaggerated physical deficiencies Panpered style of life Neglected style of life |
External Factors in Maladjustment |
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Safeguarding tendencies |
Patterns of behavior created by people to protect their exaggerated self-esteem from public disgrace |
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Safeguardig tendencies |
Enable people to hide their inflated self-image and to maintain their current style of life |
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Excuses Aggression Withdrawal |
Most common safeguarding tendencies |
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Excuses |
Safeguarding tendency expressedin "Yes but" or "If only" |
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Aggression |
Safeguarding tendency used ti safeguard people's exaggerated superiority complex |
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Depreciation Accusation Self-accusation |
Forms of Agression |
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Withdrawal |
Safeguarding through distance or running away from difficulties or escaping life's problems |
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Moving backward Standing still Hesitating Constructing obstacles |
Modes of withdrawal |
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Masculine protest |
Form of overcompensation that both genders employ in an effort to supplant feelings of inadequacy or inferiority |
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Cultural and social practices |
Influence men and women to overemphasize being manly |
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Birth order |
Major determinant of life-style |
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First Born (Oldest) Children |
Dethroned monarch More likely to become problem children |
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Second Born (Middle) Children |
Pace setter Quite competitive |
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Youngest Children |
Most pampered "Tag-along kid" Highly motivated to exceed other siblings |
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Only Children |
Unique position of competing against parents Pamperrf |
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Early Recollection Dreams Psychotherapy |
Adler's Method of Investigation |
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Psychopathology |
Results from the lack of courage, exaggerated feelings of inferiority and underdeveloped social interest |
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Meanings |
For Adler, these are not determined by situations rather we determine ourselves by this that we give to situations |
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Creative power |
Capable of transforming feelings of inadequacy into social interest or self-centered goal of personal superiority |
