Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Salic Acid
|
Not in humans or neanderthals, I think
|
|
According to Mitochondrial DNA we share
|
common female ansester 100,000 years ago
|
|
Because of y chromosomes we can see
|
that we share common male answster 100,000 years ago
|
|
Oldest modern human scull found
|
200,000 years ago
|
|
Human left Africa
|
60-40,000 yeasr ago throough miuddle to Austrilia
|
|
Microcephaly
|
Small head and small brain - very low IQ
|
|
Fox PZ
|
Can't tell difference between past and present tense - when knocked out in mice it makes them unable to squeek
|
|
Some ares in brain account for both laungage and
|
ability to walk upright
|
|
Schizorphrenia has to do with levels of
|
Dopamine in the midbrain and frontal lobe
|
|
Drugs that can cause behavior that mimics schizorphenria
|
Ketamine
|
|
Bipolar disorder can be caused by
|
Stuttering genes or trinucleotide repeats
|
|
Prozec
|
Increases serotonin
|
|
B-amyloid blumps associated with
|
Alzheimer's disease
|
|
Hippocampus
|
Associated with memory and retrevial - first system of alzheimer's
|
|
In Alzheimer's
|
Old memories are more resistant to damage than recent memories
|
|
What damages the brain?
|
Peroxide and sinc and copper
|
|
Anit-oxidants
|
they work against peroxides and helps prevent shrinkage
|
|
Glutamate
|
An excitartory neurotransmitter
|
|
GABA
|
Inhititory neurotransmitter that is activated by alcholog
|
|
Apoptosis
|
This occurs with alcholo - makes cells commit suicide by cells in FAS
|
|
Neural Adhesion Protein
|
When decrease brain cannot develop correctly
|
|
ADH
|
How well you metabolize alcohol - higher amount found in men
|
|
With alcohol, women are
|
More likely to get brain and liver damage
|
|
MAO
|
X-chromosome linked gene - made men more likely to be aggressive
|
|
Normal MAO
|
Good parents - low aggression
|
|
High MAO
|
Bad parents makes bad citizen
|
|
As far as IQ goes, men are
|
More variable than women
|
|
Neural development
|
Begins as a fluid cord/hollow tube
then cerebral hemisphere develops |
|
what percent of the human brain is cerebral cortex
|
70%
|
|
Balanced polymorphism
|
A certain proportion of genes is selected for – Even if certain genes are negative (such as more aggressive) it’s ok if the gene appears in small amounts, because maybe that individual may be the hero of a small community
|
|
hypothalamus is very closely connected to the
|
Pituitary gland
|
|
Nuclei are in the
|
Hypothalamus and each has an important function relating to metabolism and motivation and emotion
|
|
Pons/medulla
|
Cough and gag reflex
|
|
Cerebellum
|
Complex sensory motor interaction - can live without though
|
|
Diencephalons
|
Middle of the brain
|
|
Thalamus
|
Gateway – determines which information reaches consciousness
|
|
Sleeping sickness is caused by
|
damage to the reticular formation
|
|
VMN
|
Has to do with metabolism - prefer sweet food
|
|
Amygdale
|
bilateral, when amygdale is overactive we become very fearful and aggressive. When amygdale doesn’t work individuals are incapable of feeling and can not fear. It might be possible that abnormal amygdale activity may have to do with
|
|
Frontal Lobe
|
Very specialized, empathy, most highly developed, higher cognitive and creative functions are a function of the frontal lobe, mood is also involved here, immune responses, empathy – ability to recognize the effects of our behavior on others
|
|
Parietal Lobe
|
Dancing, knowing were your hands are on a piano, body sensations, somatic sensations, spatial functions, men tend to have a larger parietal lobe, direction finding
|
|
Temporal Lobe
|
Recognition, facial and emotional recognition, auditory and language, music
|
|
Occipital Lobe
|
Visual perception, eye sends input, strictly visual in nature, Humans have best vision
|
|
Cell Body
|
Soma; All the metabolic characteristics of cells; also receives messages from other sources; attached to it are tiny branches that are called dendrites, which are specialized for receiving information from different sources
|
|
Axon
|
Specialized for transporting information over long distances without losing information
|
|
Axon Potential
|
Yes or no message of the axon – Electrical charge that is sent all the way along the axon
|
|
If Axon Spike doesn’t work correctly
|
multiple Scoliosis - Myelin helps this process and increases speed and efficiency
|
|
Myelin
|
Fat substance that serves as insulation
|
|
Neuron Transmitters jump
|
across the synapses gap
|
|
Synapses
|
Fluid filled gap between 2 neurons that neurotransmitters send signals
|
|
When axon spike reaches axon potential the closest synapses burst letting
|
out all the neurotransmitters
|
|
After reception
|
an ion channel forms, so information can be transferred very easily
|
|
Because of this channel (instead of just direct connection)
|
we can make choices (so we have chemical synapses)
|
|
G-Protein Receptor
|
This synapses is slow in modulation – Instead of just using the ion channel, it activates a G-protein which may or may not open the ion channel. Allows us to bring in other information, such as prior training (analyze)
|
|
Neural Transmitters
|
very quickly, short life, rapidly – To deactivate it, it can be sucked back up (reuptake) and made to be pre-synapses or we have deactivating enzymes
|
|
Just read this a lot
|
Neuron transmitter has to be where it is supposed to be, vesicles by axon terminal – Released by the action of an axon spike – then go across the synapse and occupy a post-synapse gap
|
|
Blood Brain Barrier
|
metabolic characteristic that allows only certain substances or chemicals to enter the brain
|
|
Right partial lobe larger `
|
Directions
|
|
Sensations
|
Decreases in sensitivity – adaptation. Thalamus blocks out certain sounds until they are brought to your attention, habituation.
|
|
In the back of the retina we have the object
|
Upside down and backwards
|
|
When rays are focused behind retina we are
|
Farsighted
|
|
When rays are focused in front of retina
|
Nearsighted
|
|
Hearing
|
Energy transferred from one place to another, energy created from vocal coreds, which vibrates air molecules, sound cannot travel through a vacuum
|
|
Type 1 alcoholism
|
bullet The onset of alcohol-related problems occurs after the age of 25.
bullet A low degree of spontaneous alcohol-seeking behavior and alcohol-related fighting. bullet Psychological dependence, coupled with guilt and fear about alcoholism. bullet A low degree of novelty-seeking and a high degree of harm avoidance. |
|
Type 2 alcoholism
|
bullet The onset of alcohol-related problems occur before the age of 25.
bullet There is a high degree of spontaneous alcohol-seeking behavior and fighting. bullet Infrequent feelings of guilt and fear about alcohol dependence. bullet A low degree of harm avoidance and a high degree of thrill seeking. |
|
What are two structures that make up the diencephalon
|
#
* thalamus # hypothalamus |
|
metabotropic receptor
|
receptors associated with G proteins
|
|
Ionotropic receptors
|
Receptors that are associated with ligand-activated ion channels
|
|
Metencephalon
|
Reticular formation, pons, cerebellum
|
|
The rattlesnake is different from us because it:
|
See infared
|
|
Rods are responsible for
|
Vision in dim light
|