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142 Cards in this Set
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Major types of psychotherapy include
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psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavior, cognitive, and individual, group, and family psychotherapy |
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Issues in psychotherapy include
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culture gender values evaluation of psychotherapy effectiveness |
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Old ways of getting rid of “the evil spirits” include |
- Beating them out of people - Bleeding them out - Letting the spirits out through holes drilled in the skull |
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Obstacles to participation in treatment can involve |
personal familial financial systemic issues
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Psychotherapy |
Treatment of emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems through use of psychological techniques designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviours, or relationships. ex) phobias |
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Biomedical Therapy |
The use of medications or other medical treatments to relieve symptoms of psychological disorders act directly on the patients nervous system |
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eclectic approach |
they use techniques from various forms of therapy depending on the client’s problems, . Half of all psychotherapists describe themselves as taking an eclectic approach |
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psychotherapy integration |
combines all psychotherapy techniques into single coherent system |
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Psychoanalysis |
refers to a set of techniques (free associations, resistance, dreams, transferences) for releasing the tension of repression and resolving unconscious inner conflicts based therapists interpretations of them. allows patient to gain self insight |
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Free association |
the patient speaks freely about memories, dreams, and feelings |
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Interpretation |
the therapist suggests unconscious meanings and underlying wishes to help the client gain insight and release tension |
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Resistance |
the therapist notices times when the patient seems blocked in speaking about certain subjects (anxiety laden material) |
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Dreams |
there may be themes or “latent content” behind the plot of a patient’s dream |
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Transference |
the patient may have reactions toward the therapist that are actually based on feelings toward someone from the past |
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Criticisms of Psychoanalysis |
Psychoanalysis is hard to refute because it cannot be proven or disproven Psychoanalysis takes a long time and is very expensive |
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Psychodynamic Therapy |
Focus is on improved self-awareness and insight into unconscious thoughts and feelings which may be rooted in past relationships In addition to insight, therapist suggest changes in patterns of thinking and relating to others |
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How Psychodynamic Therapy differs from Psychoanalysis |
Psychodynamic Therapy is Less intensive version of psychoanalysis: • Fewer sessions per week and fewer years • Less theory about sex, id, and superego |
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Interpersonal Therapy |
12-16 sessions variation of psychodynamic therapy less focused on insight and more on relational behavior change and symptom relief. focus is less on the past, and more on current feelings and relationships including the interaction with the therapist effective in treating depression |
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insight therapies |
aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing clients awareness of underlying motives and defences |
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Humanistic psychology |
emphasizes the human potential for growth, self-actualization, and personal fulfillment (Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers) |
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humanistic perspective focuses on |
present & future feelings as the occur conscious thoughts taking responsibility for ones actions & feelings personal growth |
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Humanistic therapy |
attempts to support personal growth by helping people gain self-awareness and self-acceptance. |
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Client-centered therapy |
carl rogers humanistic therapy therapists use techniques such as active listening and creating a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients growth |
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Therapist Being genuine
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Be yourself and be truthful; don’t put on a therapist façade. |
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Therapist Being empathetic
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Demonstrate careful attention to the clients’ feelings, partly by reflecting what you hear the client saying. |
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Therapist Being accepting
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Help the client learn to accept themselves despite any weakness |
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non-directive therapy |
therapist listens without interpreting Let insight and goals come from the client, rather than dictating interpretations.
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Active Listening |
The therapist echoes, restates and clarifies the client’s thinking, acknowledging expressed feelings.
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in Active Listening therapist interrupts only to |
confirm & reflect feelings Summarize, paraphrase seek clarification |
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unconditional positive regard |
caring, accepting, non-judgemental attitude conducive to developing self-awareness and self acceptance |
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Behavior therapy |
uses the principles of learning, especially classical and operant conditioning, to help reduce unwanted responses. ex) behaviours such as addictions or emotions such as panic. |
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when to use Behaviour Therapy |
Sometimes, insight not helpful for mental health problems. The client might know the right changes to make, but finds that it’s hard to change actual behavior
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Behaviour Therapy Assumes that disordered behaviour is |
learned |
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operant conditioning |
changing the rewards and punishments which are influencing problematic behaviours |
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classical conditioning |
building new associations to disrupt unwanted panic and other automatic responses |
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behaviour therapists do not |
look for inner causes |
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Counterconditioning |
refers to linking new, positive responses to previously bad stimuli Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning |
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Exposure Therapy
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A conditioned fear can worsen when avoidance of the feared situation gets reinforced by a quick reduction in anxiety.Guided exposure to the feared situation can reverse this reinforcement by waiting for anxiety to subside during the exposure. The person can habituate to (get used to) the anxiety itself and then the feared situation. Ex) holding a spider to get over fear of spiders |
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systematic desensitization |
Beginning with a tiny reminder of the feared situation, keep increasing the exposure intensity as the person learns to tolerate the previous level. Ex) phobias |
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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy |
An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. |
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progressive relaxation |
relaxing one muscle group at a time until a drowsy state of complete relaxation and comfort is achieved |
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Aversive Conditioning |
Used to treat unwanted habits or harmful behaviors. Goal is to associate an unwanted state with an unwanted behavior, gradually replacing the previous positive response. Reverse of systematic desensitization – seeks to condition an aversion to something the person should avoid. |
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Operant Conditioning |
the shaping of chosen behavior in response to the consequences of the behaviour |
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Behavior modification |
haping a client’s chosen behavior to look more like a desired behavior, by making sure that desired behaviors are rewarded and problematic behaviors are unrewarded or punished |
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Application |
Used with nonverbal children with autism. It rewards behaviors such as sitting with someone or making eye contact, and sometimes punishes self-harming behaviors. |
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token economy |
uses coins, stars, or other indirect rewards as “tokens” given for exhibiting desired behaviour can be collected and traded later for real rewards. |
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does Behaviour Therapy work? |
It does often work, but extinguished behaviors and reactions do spontaneously reappear. To ensure maintenance of changes, a transition is needed from artificial rewards to awareness of natural, environmental consequences. |
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is Behavior Therapy ethical? |
To minimize ethical problems: - acquire consent, at least of guardians. - develop goals for treatment that are more humane than the alternative. For example, shaping autistic behavior is seemingly better than institutionalization. |
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Cognitive Therapy |
teaches people new more adaptive ways of thinking and acting beside on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
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Stress Inoculation Training |
training people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations. Practicing healthier thinking before facing a stressor, disappointment, or frustration. |
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
works to change both cognitions (the way people think) and behaviors (the way they act) that are part of a mental health disorder Seeks to make people aware of irrational negative thinking and related behaviours, replace it with new ways of thinking, and to practice the new thinking and behaviours in everyday settings. |
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Family Therapy |
Having a session with the whole family, at home or in the office, allows the therapist to work on the family system Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members. |
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Group Therapy |
Assembles six to nine people with related needs into a group, facilitated by a therapist, to work on therapeutic goals together. Benefits include: • Less cost per person • More interaction, feedback, and support • Clients realize others share their problems and they are not alone |
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Self-Help Groups |
Self-help groups are led by group members instead of a therapist They can be much larger than group therapy with less interaction The focus is more on support rather than on working on goals during the group session |
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Client’s Perceptions of how effective therapy is |
not reliable because even if clients improve It could be: - People often enter therapy in crisis, but crisis may subside over the natural course of time. - Client’s motivation to appear better to justify that therapy was worth the effort or to please the therapist - Clients generally speak kindly of their therapists |
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Clinician’s Perceptions of how effective therapy is |
not reliable because Clinicians hear little about their failures who may have experienced temporary relief and seek out new therapists for their problems Clinicians are likely to testify to the efficacy of their therapy regardless of the treatment also because of regression toward the mean |
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Regression toward the mean |
the tendency for unusual events (or emotions) to “regress” (return) to their average state. |
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To measure effectiveness, use |
objective, observable measures of symptoms rather than relying on client or therapist perceptions |
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Meta-analysis |
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. Gives us the bottom-line results of lots of studies. |
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clients benefit more from therapy than |
those who did not go to therapy |
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When is therapy most effective? |
When the problem is clear-cut: phobias, panic. |
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Less-focused problems like depression and anxiety usually _____ in the short term but often _______ later |
benefit relapse
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these issues are Unlikely to benefit from psychotherapy alone |
People with negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia • People with a desire to change their entire personality |
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Evidence-based practice |
the use of outcome research about the effectiveness of different techniques to select therapeutic interventions. |
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eye movement desensitization & reprocessing |
imagine a traumatic scene while eye movements are triggered by waving a finger in front of the eyes to unlock and reprocess frozen memories doesn't work |
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seasonal affective disorder |
winter blues |
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common ingredients of therapies |
- hope for demoralized people - new perspective - empathetic, trusting, caring relationships |
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Biomedical therapies |
physically changing the brain’s functioning by altering its chemistry with medications, or affecting its circuitry with electrical or magnetic impulses or surgery |
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Psychopharmacology |
the study of drug effects on behaviour, mood, and the mind |
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Double-Blind Procedures |
To test the effectiveness of a drug, patients are tested with the drug and a placebo. Two groups of patients and medical health professionals are unaware of who is taking the drug and who is taking the placebo. |
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antipsychotic drugs
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Reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia, especially “positive” symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
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how do antipsychotic drugs work? |
Blocking dopamine receptors |
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side effects of antipsychotic drugs |
Obesity, diabetes, and movement problems (sluggishness, twitching, or eventually tardive dyskinesia--odd facial/tongue and body movements) |
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anti anxiety drugs |
Temporarily reduces worried thinking and physical agitation |
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how doanti anxiety drugs work?
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Slowing nervous system activity in the body and brain |
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side effects of anti anxiety drugs |
Physiological dependence, withdrawal, increased anxiety, insomnia |
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antidepressants |
Improves mood and control over depressing and anxious thoughts |
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how do antidepressants work? |
Increasing levels of serotonin (sometimes norepinephrine) at synapses by inhibi6ng reuptake; possible neurogenesis |
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side effects of antidepressants |
Dry mouth, reduced sexual desire and/or response |
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mood stabilizers |
Reduce the “highs” of mania as well as reduce the depressive “lows” |
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side effects of mood stabilizers? |
Various; blood levels must be monitored |
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Inhibiting Reuptake |
Many medications increase synaptic neurotransmitter levels; they stop the sending neuron from taking back its chemical messages |
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Electroconvulsive Therapy |
induces a mild seizure that disrupts severe depression for some people. This might allow neural re-wiring, and might boost neurogenesis. 4 out of 10 relapse |
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain used to simulate or suppress brain activity no side effects |
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deep brain stimulation |
treating cortex area that bridges frontal lobes to limbic system with ETC or antidepressants |
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psychosurgery |
surgery that removes or damages brain tissue in effort to change behaviour Ex) lobotomy |
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following things help depression |
exercise, proper amount of sleep, light, into rumminating, nutritional supplements |
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Social Psychology |
study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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social ______ arises from social ________ |
behaviour, cognition |
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Attribution Theory |
tendency to explain other’s or our own behaviour with two types of attributions: • Situational Attribution and Dispositional Attribution
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Dispositional Attribution |
the person’s stable, enduring traits, personality, ability, emotions |
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Situational Attribution |
Factors outside of the person doing the action |
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Attribution |
a conclusion about the cause of an observed behaviour / event. |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
This occurs when we go too far in assuming that a person’s behaviour is caused by their personality. We think a behaviour demonstrates a trait. |
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Effects of Attribution |
How we explain someone’s behaviour affects how we react to it |
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Attitudes Affect |
action |
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Attitude |
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. |
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Central Route (Systematic) Persuasion |
A change in attitude brought about by an appeal to reason and logic. • Strong evidence and arguments are presented. •Works when people are analytical or involved in the issue
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Peripheral Route (Heuristic) Persuasion |
A change in attitude brought about by appeals to habit and emotion Incidental cues, such as celebrity endorsements are used Used when issues don’t engage systematic thinking People rely on shortcuts (heuristics) to make a decision |
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central route is more and less |
thoughtful & durable more likely to influence behaviour less superficial |
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Actions Affect |
attitudes |
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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
the tendency to be more likely to agree to a large request after agreeing to a small one. can coax people into acting against personal moral standards works with good and bad stuff |
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Role Playing Affects Attitudes |
When we play a role, even if we know it is just pretending, we eventually tend to adopt the attitudes that go with the role, and become the role. |
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Cognitive Dissonance |
When our actions are not in harmony with our attitudes. |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
the observation that we tend to resolve this dissonance by changing our attitudes to fit our actions. |
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Social Influence |
How other people influence not only our thinking but our actions |
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chameleon effect |
Automatic mimicry affecting our behaviour |
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mood linkage |
Empathetic shifts in mood that fit the mood of the people around us |
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Conditions that Strengthen Conformity |
1.One is made to feel incompetent or insecure. 2.The group has at least three people. 3.The group is unanimous. 4.One admires the group’s status and attractiveness. |
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normative social influence |
results from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
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informal social influence |
results from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality |
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social facilitation |
stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others on simple tasks better, on tougher tasks people perform less well |
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social loafing |
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than when alone feel less accountable in a group or they see themselves as dispensable |
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Deindividuation |
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint Happens when people are in group situations involving (1) Anonymity and (2) Arousal. |
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group polarization |
enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group discuss an idea they favour or oppose, it becomes stronger |
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goupthink |
mode of thinking that occurs when desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
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vivid cases |
more readily available events in our minds & therefore influence our judgments of frequency of events |
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just world phenonmenon |
tendency for people to believe the world is just and therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get good is rewarded, evil punished blaming victim reassures it won't happen to them |
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aggresion |
any physical or verbal behaviour intended to hurt or destroy |
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behaviour emerges from interaction of ______ and _________ |
biology and experience |
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biological influences of aggressive behaviour |
genetic influences biochemical influences Ex) testostérone and alchohol neural influences ex) head injury |
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psychological influences of aggressive behaviour |
dominating behaviour (boosts testosterone) believing you drunk alcohol frustration aggressive role models rewards for aggressive behaviour |
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social cultural influences of aggressive behaviour |
exposure to violent media being rejected from a group minimal father involvement parental modes of aggression challenging environmental factors deindividuation from being in a crowd |
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Psychological factors bringing people together |
- Proximity, Exposure/familiarity |
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The Mere Exposure Effect |
You are more likely to develop attraction to someone you’ve seen a lot. |
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We enjoy being around people who have similar |
attitudes, beliefs, humor, interests, intelligence, age, education, and income |
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attractive people are (not) perceived as more |
honest, compassionate |
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passionate love |
aroused state of intense positive absorption in another |
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companionate love |
deep affectionate attachment for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
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what creates compassionate love? |
self disclosing intimacy and mutual supportive equality |
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alturism |
unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
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to help we must |
1) notice incident 2) interpret incident as emergency 3) assume responsibility
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bystander effect |
tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to help if other bystanders are present |
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social exchange theory |
our social behaviour is an exchange process aim of which is to maximize benefit and minimize cost |
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social responsibility norm |
an expectation that people will help those dependent on them |
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reciprocity norm |
an expectation that people will help not hurt those who have helped them |
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social traps |
situation in which conflicting parties by rationally pursuing their self interests become caught in mutually destructive behaviour |
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mirror image perceptions |
mutual views often held by conflicting people as when each side sees itself as ethical & peaceful and views the other side as aggressive and evil |
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people in conflict see own actions as |
responses to provication |
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contact promotes peace when |
its non competitive & between parties of equal status |
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Superordinate Goals |
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. |
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Communication and understanding developed through |
talking to one another. Sometimes it is mediated by a third party. |
