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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is personality? |
•Attributes, motives, values and behaviours unique to each person. •A unique and characteristic pattern of -Inner experience and -Outward behavior •Often described in terms of “traits” -characteristics way of thinking, feeling and acting. |
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The Big 5 Personality Traits (OCEAN) |
Openess - curious, creative Conscientousness - organised, systematic Extraversion - outgoing, social Agreeableness - tolerant, sensitive, kind Neuroticism - anxious, moody |
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Personality Disorder |
“Persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behaviours that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and/or for others and may cause difficulties in relationships and work” (DSM-5). •Individual may not feel subjective distress. •Prior to DSM-5, personality disorder on separate axis. |
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Personality Disorders |
•Describe a chronic / pervasive pattern of behaviour. •Characteristics are observed across different contexts. •Originate in childhood - diagnosed in adolescence or adulthood. •Treatment outcomes are often poor (especially when there are co-occurring disorders). |
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Categorical vs. dimensional |
•Are PDs extreme versions of otherwise normal personality variations (dimensions) or ways of relating that are different from psychologically 1typical behaviour (categories)? •DSM mainly views disorders in terms of categories (i.e., criteria are met or unmet). |
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DSM-5 personality disorders |
10 personality disorders in DSM-5 Cluster A: “Odd or eccentric behaviour” ◦ Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders Cluster B: “Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviour” ◦ Antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders Cluster C: “Anxious or fearful behaviour” ◦ Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders |
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Cluster A: Paranoid PD DSM Criteria |
Four or more: •Suspects that others are exploiting, harming or deceiving. •Preoccupied with unjustified doubts about loyalty or trustworthiness of friends. •Reluctant to confide in others (unwarranted fears that information could be used against them). •Reads hidden demeaning/threatening meanings into remarks or events. •Persistently bares grudges. •Perceives attacks on reputation that are not apparent to others and quick to react angrily. •Has recurrent (unjustified) suspicions regarding fidelity of partner. |
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Cluster A: Paranoid PD Causes & Treatment |
Causes •Biological evidence limited: link to relatives with schizophrenia; not a strong association. •Possible psychosocial factors: trauma, style of parenting. •Cultural factors: certain groups may be more at risk due to their experiences (e.g., prisoners, refugees). Treatment •Unlikely to seek help; a crises can be a catalyst for seeking help. •CBT: challenge assumptions. •Currently no evidence for any interventions for paranoid PD. |
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Cluster A: Schizoid PD DSM Criteria |
Four or more: •Neither desires or enjoys close relationships. •Almost always chooses solitary activities. •Has little interest in sexual experiences with another person. •Takes pleasure in few (if any) activities. •Lacks close friends (other than family). •Appears indifferent to praise or criticism. •Emotional, detachment or flattened affect. |
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Cluster A: Schizoid PD Causes and Treatment |
Causes •Childhood shyness – a precursor. •Abuse and neglect are sometimes reported. •Some overlap with the occurrence of autism. Treatment •Rare to seek treatment (in some cases treatment is sought at a time of crises). •Social skills training. •Limited evidence demonstrating effectiveness. |
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Cluster A: Schizotypal PD DSM Criteria |
Five or more: •Ideas of reference. •Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior. •Unusual perceptual experiences. •Odd thinking and speech. •Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation. •Inappropriate or constricted affect. •Behavior or appearance is odd/eccentric. •Lack of close friends (other than family). •Excessive social anxiety (tends to be associated with paranoid fears, not negative self evaluation). |
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Cluster A: Schizotypal PD Causes and Treatment |
Causes •Viewed by some to be one phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype (the gene/s that make up a disorder). •Childhood maltreatment. •Cognitive testing: mild/moderate impairments in memory and learning. •Possible brain abnormalities. Treatment •People often seek treatment for anxiety/depression. •Combination of antipsychotic medication, CBT and social skills training. |
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Cluster B: Antisocial PD DSM Criteria |
Three or more of the following: •Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior. •Deceitfulness (e.g., lying or conning others). •Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead. •Irritability or aggressiveness (frequent fights). •Disregard for safety of self or others. •Consistent irresponsibility. •Lack or remorse. |
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Cluster B: Antisocial PD Causes and Treatment |
Causes •Gene-environment interaction. •Neurobiological: under-arousal and fearlessness hypotheses. •Psychological and social dimensions. Treatment •Poor outcomes for adults. •Early identification in children to prevent later antisocial behavior. •Parent training successful, but many challenges. |
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Cluster B: Borderline PD DSM Criteria |
Five of the following: •Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. •A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships. •Markedly unstable self-image or sense of self. •Impulsivity that is potentially self-damaging. •Recurrent suicidal behaviour, threats, or self mutilating behaviour. •Affective instability. •Chronic feelings of emptiness. •Difficulty controlling anger. •Transient stress-related paranoid ideation or dissociative symptoms. |
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Cluster B: Borderline PD Causes and Treatment |
Causes •Genetics •History of early trauma •Neurological impairments •Cognitive factors Treatment •Very likely to seek treatment •Mood stabiliser drugs •Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) •Growing evidence for Schema Therapy |
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Cluster B: Histrionic PD DSM Criteria |
Five or more: •Uncomfortable when not the centre of attention. •Interactions often characterised by inappropriate seductive behaviour. •Rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions. •Uses physical appearance to draw attention to self. •Style of speech that is impressionistic and lacking in detail. •Self dramatization and exaggerated expression of emotion. •Is suggestible. •Considers relationships to be more intimate than they are. |
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Cluster B: Histrionic PD Causes and Treatment |
Causes •Little research on causes and treatment. •Histrionic PD and antisocial PD commonly co-occur (may be sex-typed alternative expressions of the same unidentified underlying condition). Treatment •Focus on interpersonal relationships. •Need to be taught appropriate ways of expressing needs. |
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Cluster B: Narcissistic PD DSM Criteria |
Five or more: •Grandiose sense of self-importance. •Pre-occupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty or ideal love. •Belief of being special or unique. •Requires excessive admiration. •Has a sense of entitlement. •Is interpersonally exploitative. •Lacks empathy. •Envious of others or believes that others are envious. •Arrogant, haughty behaviour |
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Cluster B Narcissistic PD: Causes and Treatment |
Causes •Failure by parents to model empathy. •Western society? Treatment •Focuses on their grandiosity, their hypersensitivity to evaluation, and their lack of empathy toward others. •Often come to therapy with depression symptoms. |
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Cluster C: Avoidant PD DSM Criteria |
Four or more: •Avoids occupational opportunities with interpersonal interaction because of fears of criticism, disapproval or rejection. •Unwilling to get involved with others unless certain of being liked. •Shows restraint in intimate relationships because of fear of being shamed or ridiculed. •Preoccupied with being criticised or rejected in social situations. •Inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy. •Views self as social inept, unappealing or inferior to others. •Unusually reluctant to take risks or engage in new situations because they may prove embarrassing. |
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Cluster C: Avoidant PD Causes and Treatment |
Causes •Biopsychosocial model –temperament, parental style, psychological consequences. Treatment •Behavioural intervention for anxiety and social skills. •Therapeutic alliance is important. |
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Cluster C: Dependent PD DSM Criteria |
Five or more: •Difficulty making decisions without an excessive amount of reassurance. •Needs others to take responsibility for major areas of life. •Difficulty expressing disagreement with others. •Difficulty initiating projects or doing things on own. •Goes to excessive lengths to obtain reassurance or support from others. •Uncomfortable when alone due to fears of being unable to care for self. •Urgently seeks a new relationship when one ends. •Unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left alone to care for oneself. |
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Cluster C: Dependent PD Causes and Treatment |
Causes •Disruptions like the early death of a parent or neglect by caregivers could contribute. •Genetic influences important, more research needed. Treatment •Treatment research is mostly descriptive. •Help client become more independent and personally responsible. •Risk of dependency on therapist. |
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Cluster C: Obsessive-Compulsive PD DSM Criteria |
Four or more: •Preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order. •Perfectionism interferes with task completion. •Excessively devoted to work to the exclusion of activities and friendships. •Overconscientious and inflexible about issues of morality, ethics or values. •Unable to discard worthless objects even with no sentimental value. •Reluctant to delegate tasks or work. •Miserly spending style towards self and others. •Shows rigidity and stubbornness. |
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Cluster C: Obsessive-Compulsive PD Causes and Treatment |
Causes •Genetic contribution. •Parental reinforcement of conformity and neatness. Treatment •Manage fears that underlie need for orderliness. •Relaxation and distraction techniques. •CBT |
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Cluster C: Obsessive-Compulsive PD Causes and Treatment |
Causes •Genetic contribution. •Parental reinforcement of conformity and neatness. Treatment •Manage fears that underlie need for orderliness. •Relaxation and distraction techniques. •CBT |
