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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Charlemagne (742- 814) |
- He restored Law equal to all ("the Capitulary") - He integrated Europe as a Christian entity, as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (Christian-Roman) - He set up the Roman-like (romantic) code of conduct : virtues of courtesy, moral decency, honor, respect for women, patriotism, selfless service - Chivalry : wrestling, jousting, archery, poetry, music |
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Monasterial movement |
- Ora et labora (pray and work) in service of people - Living in seclusion, ex. Meteora - Benedictines from Monte Casino; work and pray - Franciscans : St-Francis of Assisi, ascetic life and helping - Dominicans: intellectuals, teachers (Univ. Paris) Thomas Aquinus - Jesuits : professionals, professors (Loyola, Brebeuf) |
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Presentism |
Reference to political, artistic and intellectual values as they are respected here and now |
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Historicism |
With reference to political, artistic and intellectual values as they were respected there and then. |
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Scholasticism |
- Use of rational thinking along with faith as a tool for seeking the truth - Leading figure : Thomas Aquinas - St. Anselm and Peter Lombard |
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Universities |
Ordered by the Church at the beginning of the 13th century; for men only. - Latin language was the universal tongue at school, in church and hospitals - Courses were taught by priests, monks and civil theologists specialized in religion (philosophers) Much later, Non-Christian scholars would be invited to lecture |
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Zeitgest/Ortgeist |
Mentality of a specific TIME and PLACE ex. American pragmatism. Developed by Hegel (semi-mystical force) and Goethe (world view, collection of beliefs of a specific time ex. 19th century industrialism and 21th c. "internet-ism".
Ideas and events have a momentum to be expressed : at the right time and place. |
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Avicenna (981-1037) |
Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd-Allah ibn Sina The "Galen" of Islam; medicus and scholar - He wrote "Canon of Medicine" used in Europe until 1650 in Latin. - Aristotle-ish faculties of the soul: human, animal and vegetative in hierarchy - Neoplatonian macrocosm: a person is a microcosm = let reconcile reason with faith. - Theory of 4 humors in dx and tx of physical, mental and psychosomatic diseases.
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Avicenna system of senses |
5 external senses : vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell 7 internal senses: - Common sense - Compositive animal imagination (generelization of objects ex. trees, cats) - Compositive human imagination : generelization of abstract concepts - Instinctual memory "estimative power" - Individual memory "retentive imagination" - Self-awareness - Free will, responsibility and relation with God |
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Special person/Great person model |
Extraordinary persons make history ex. Alexander the Great, Hitler, Copernicus, etc. |
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Cyclical repetitions model |
Cycles of growth and collapse (wealth/poverty, war/peace, dev/stagnation, spirituality/materialism) |
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Randomness (chaos) in history |
No regularity in history, it has no meaning, rather an imposed one on chaotic events. Ex. Sartre philosophy, Heisenberg theory of uncertainty, Feyerabend's theory -> theories emerge by chance |
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The origins of the term "psychology" |
Marko Marulic (1450-1524) Psychology of human rational soul; from geek "psuche" = soul + "logos" = words.
Johannes Thomas Freigris (Renaissance) Essay on "Ciceronians"
Rudolph Goeckel - 1590 - psychologia
It reappears later in the 1700s |
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Hylomorphism |
Artistotle matter + form give meaning; body + soul = meaningful Potential being : material untouched Actual being: material given intention Final, teleology, entelechia : final intention to the object, or activity, everything is done for a purpose Entelechia : "completeness" |
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Scale Naturae |
Aristotle: All things are striving for actualization, potential to active being; from simplest beings to humans. The humans are closest to the divine Rational human soul survives eternally ; but no earthly memory |
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Robert's Woodworth behaviour and reaction equations |
B = f(P) R = f(P, V, S, A)
P = personnality V = visceroception (all bodily senses) S = stimulus A = antecedent |
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Ataraxia |
How to be happy ? (Greco-Roman) - Avoid emotional struggle - Keep distance from turmoil - Avoid power struggle - Avoid stress and focus on peace of mind - Acceptance of life in philosophy |
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Cynism |
- Diogenes "the Hippie" - Obcene, rejection of social norms and tradition - Citizens of the free world, living independently, didn't care for others - Lived in poverty, no trust of official philosophies |
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Skepticism |
Pyrrho of Elis - Distrust any sense or perception - There is no absolute truth - Humility when making any judgment or conclusion - Social rules, customs, and traditions respect by peace of mind |
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Francis Bacon (1561-1621) |
- British politician and manager of science, he financed modern observatories, labs - Novum Organum, new approaches to studies, freedom from bias, importance of methodological discipline - Bias of prejudice, stereotype (idols of the cave) - Bias of weakness of sensory data ("" tribe) ex. Swans. - Bias of reliance on authority ("" theatre), - Bias of verbal attribution ("" marketplace); reification.
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Scientific revolution |
17th and 18th century: discoveries - Copernicus book (1543) ; Kepler improvements - Galilei : invention of telescope and moon observations (1609) - 1628 : W. Harvey : blood circulation - 1650: B. Pascale ; 1st barometer - Newton : spectrum (1666); gravitation law (1687) - Time of navigation, conquests and political intrigues
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Learned Societies (Academies) |
- Gradually, scholars' independence of scholasticism and the Church - Academies (beyond universities): group of scientists, researchers, intellectuals. |
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Inductive thinking |
From details to generalized hypothesis - Cue : 2, what number is next? - 1st hypothesis: The next number is a double value of the previous one, thus 8 is next. - Cue: 2, 2, 4, 6 ? |
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Deductive thinking |
From a general assumption (major premise), through particular observations to a particular conclusion. Syllogism. ex. All birds have two legs, Aga is a bird, (without seeing Aga) = Aga has two legs. ex. Cretan are liars classic ex. Books and circles . THE ANSWER IS 802. |
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René Descartes (1596-1560) |
- Jesuit schooling - Studied law at Poitiers - Personal crisis ; engaged in fighting, gambling, subscribe to be a military soldier, etc. - Intense spiritual experience : mathematics, geometry and logic as the major tools of philosophy. - Fun fact: he frequently changed houses because he didn't like crowds gatherings ; private person, solitary. - Invited by Christina of Sweden in 1649 ; she hoped to persuade her nation to switch back to Catholicism, using Descartes, famous Catholic philosopher. - He died from pneumonia in 1650 in Sweden - prolific in Latin and French - Pythagorean-Platonic influence : ultimate knowledge is always mathematical. |
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René Descartes philosophy |
Innate basic intuitions; the axioms of geometry, unity, infinity, perfection and God - rationalist = logic deduction - Humans unique self-awareness, free choice and rationality ; the mind is not material, the body is material; but equally two realities. Dualism ; interactionism (pineal gland) - Animal spirits also in animals (prototype model of the reflex) - * Emotions or passions: interaction between visceral (ex. adrenaline, tension, heart beat, etc.) and brain processes (ex. interpretation, conscience, etc.) (animal spirits) James-Lange Theory ref. Body functions as a machine except the human soul. - Free will should control the passions = virtuous conduct. |
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Isaac Newton (1642-1727) |
Lawful clockwork universe designed by God ; the Great Clockmaster - exposed to vapours of mercury, he started hallucinating in lab experiments. - Studied at Cambridge Uni; maths, astronomy and optics, professor of math there. - Principia Mathematica - 1687 - Laws of motion, gravitation and planetary mechanics in mathematical relationships - Studies of light spectrum, prism - Experiments in alchemy - Importance of mathematical models of observed regularities - Know to avoid hypotheses |
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Cartesian-Newtonian vision of the universe |
- Eternal motion - Perfect machine put in motion by God ; the Big Mover, then continues on its own. Mechanistic notion. ref. René Descartes, Mettrie's "L'Homme Machine (1748), Thomas Hobbes' "The Leviathan" (1651) (Hobbes not in exam). |