Psyc 351 Exam 1

Front 1

Cultural Relativism and its strengths/weaknesses

Back 1

Abnormal is not absolute, it's determined by a deviation from cultural norms

Pros: Culture has a clear role in determining abnormality; Some disorders seem specific to specific cultures

Cons: Doesn't explain why some disorders exists in all cultures; Ignores relevant scientific info; Doesn't permit cross-cultural comparisons

Front 2

Harmful Dysfunction and its strengths/weaknesses

Back 2

Abnormal behavior represents a failure/disease of a designed function - disrupted biological/psychological mechanisms (dysfunction); also regarded as harmful (culture)

Pros: Can compare across cultures; Richly informed by science; Still acknowledges culture

Cons: Not always an identifiable mechanism

Front 3

Supernaturalism vs. Naturalism

Back 3

Supernaturalism describes events as being caused by an agent

Naturalism describes events as having no conscious agent

Mind-body dualism is the default assumption

Front 4

Thales

Back 4

First to break from mythological explanation of phenomena and instead engaging in naturalistic and scientific explanations

Front 5

Hippocrates (Four humors...)

Back 5

Four humors are: Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile - concept of homeostasis

Classification of disorders based on scientific observation

Emphasized nutrition and stress

Promoted humane treatment of mentally ill

Front 6

Important developments during the Middle Ages

Back 6

Saw a return to supernatural (i.e. demons) explanation for abnormal behavior

Front 7

Malleus Magnificarum

Back 7

"The Witch's Hammer"

How to discern if someone is a possessed and how to rid the demons from the individual

Front 8

Important Developments during the European Renaissance

Back 8

Rediscovery of classical Greek texts in Islamic Middle East (progressive at this time) saw a return to naturalism

Avicenna - germ theory, pharmacology (doses)

Abnormal people are ill, but not fully human

Front 9

Phillipe Pinel

Back 9

Begins telling people there is a different, more humanitarian way of treating the mentally ill (moral therapy)

Front 10

William Tuke

Back 10

Quaker from England who radically pioneered moral treatment for the mentally ill

Front 11

Benjamin Rush

Back 11

Founder of American psychiatry

Believed patients were to be treated with compassion (moral treatment)

Front 12

Thomas Kirkbride

Back 12

Started the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane

Front 13

Dorothea Dix

Back 13

Pioneer of the mental hygiene movement

Front 14

General paresis (cerebral syphilis)

Back 14

Mental illness can be cured with biological means (infected afflicted patients with malaria)

Front 15

Kraepelin

Back 15

Pioneer of the biological/medical model of systematic classification mental disorders

First to classify schizophrenia and bipolar disorders

Front 16

Brain-damaging therapeutics

Back 16

ECT, insulin comas, lobotomies, metrazol

Front 17

Behavioral model

Back 17

B.F. Skinner

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Front 18

Psychoanalytic model

Back 18

Freud

Cognitive unconscious

Defense mechanism - suppression, projection, importance of childhood are important tenants still used

Psychodynamic model least influential on current day model

Front 19

Dualism

Back 19

We have an innate sense that our mind and body are separate but its incorrect - the mind is what the brain does

Front 20

Difference between psychiatrist and clinical psychologist

Back 20

Psychiatrist is an MD that can prescribe meds

Clinical/counseling psychologist has a research degree (PhD) and focuses more on psychotherapy

Front 21

History of DSM

Back 21

Began as an unreliable, heavily reliant on Freud piece of text that was small and not well written

Began becoming more reliable up until DSM-IV

DSM5 has criticisms of being drafted by those heavily influenced by big pharma, poor inter-rater reliability

Classifies syndromes, not diseases as we do not have an a full understanding of the underlying mechanisms

Front 22

DSM5 diagnostic criteria of a specific phobia

Back 22

1) Marked andpersistent fear (excessive) cued by presence or anticipation of specific objector situation

2) Exposureconsistently produces anxiety (possibly panic)

3) Person recognizesfear excessive (otherwise psychosis)

4) The fearedsituation is avoided

5) The anxietyand/or avoidance causes impairment in function

Front 23

Prevalence of specific phobias

Back 23

12.5% lifetime prevalence

Front 24

Hypothesized causes of specific phobias

Back 24

Preparedness hypothesis, genetic influence

Symbol of inner conflict

Classical conditioning

Observational learning

Front 25

Treatment of specific phobias

Back 25

Exposure has a 90% cure rate

No drug comes close to this

Front 26

Moral treatment

Back 26

Humane approach to treating mental health disorders (asylum movement)

Front 27

Major lines of evidence that mind-body dualism is false

Back 27

1) Brain-damaged individuals have loss of mental functions dependent on focal damage

2) Brain alteration has a predictable change in mental events

3) Specific mental events are reflected in specific patterns of brain events (through scans)

4) Physical design of neurons and brains

5) AI: mental events encoded as information processing in silicon circuits

Front 28

Why does Paul Bloom think we are natural-born dualists?

Back 28

He believes it may be learned - dualistic stories are told, religion

Universal experiences such as leaving one's body in a dream, bodies disobeying our will

When children begin learning about the brain, misunderstanding develops - they know it's involved in thinking (solving math problems, perception) but don't believe it does things like loving others or dreaming; they viewed thinking in a very narrow sense

The other explanation is the view of the afterlife - certain mental events are viewed as persisting beyond death (loving, liking things etc); children tacitly believe that though a creature is dead, its mental life still persists