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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
central executive |
control centre of working memory; coordinates attention and exchange of information among 3 storage components |
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constructive memory
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a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details
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stores
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retain info in memory without using it for any specific purpose
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short-term memory (STM)
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memory store with limited capacity and duration
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long-term memory (LTM)
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hold info for extended period of time, if not permanently
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sensory memory
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a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time
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Working memory
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a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time
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Attention
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selects which information will be passed on to STM
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Encoding
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the process of storing information in the LTM system
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retrieval
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bring information from long-term memory back into short-term memory
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chunking
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organizing smaller units of info into large, more meaningful units
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Dual coding
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occurs when information is stored in more than one form
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Procedural memories
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patterns of muscle movements (motor memory)
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Semantic memories
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declarative memories that include facts about the world
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Episodic memories
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declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around “episodes” and are recalled from a first person (“I” or “my”) perspective
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Encoding specificity principle
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retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding
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Elaborative rehersal
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prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning
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Explicit memories
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see declarative memories
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Implicit memories
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see nondeclarative memories
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Declarative memories
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memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized, including facts about the world and one’s own personal experiences
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Nondeclarative memories
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include actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness
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Flashbulb memory
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an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
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showed that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together
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phonological loop
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storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sound, or an auditory code
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first-letter technique
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using first letter of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence
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schemas
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organized clusters of memories that constitute one’s knowledge about events, objects, and ideas
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mnemonic
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a technique intended to improve memory for specific information
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maintenance rehersal
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prolonging exposure to information by repeating it
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method of loci
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a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path
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visuospatial sketchpad
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a storage components of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in visuospatial code
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DRM procedure
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participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associations
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Imagination inflation
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the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event |
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Retroactive interference
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the most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have not yet made it into long-term memory
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Proactive interference
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a process in which the first information learned occupied memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information
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Recovered memory
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a memory of a traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time
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False memory
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remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event
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Misinformation effect
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when information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event
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Testing effect
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the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying
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Consolidation
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the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain
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Acronyms
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pronounceable words whose letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items
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Control processes
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shift information from one memory store to another
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Episodic buffer
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a storage component of working memory that combines images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes
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Amnesia
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a profound loss of at least one form of memory
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Anterograde amnesia
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the inability to form new memories for events occurring after a brain injury
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Retrograde amnesia
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a condition in which memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost
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Serial position effect
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in general, most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but only an item or two from the middle
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Storage
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the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval
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Rehearsal
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repeating information until you do not need to remember it anymore
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Recovered memory controversy
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a heated debate among psychologists about the validity of recovered memories |