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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pitch is primarily determined by the ____ of the soundwave
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Frequency
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What do we perceive amplitude as?
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Loudness
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What type of scale is a decibel scale? Why do we use it?
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Auditory scale. It converts the large range of sound pressure into a more manageable scale.
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How do we perceive frequency?
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Pitch
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What is the unit of measurement of frequency?
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1 Hertz-1 cycle per second
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What is the audibility curve?
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Shows our sensitivity to sounds of differing amplitudes and frequency
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Do we perceive sounds played at same amp but diff freq the same?
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NO-we are more sensitive to frequency and higher frequencies sound louder
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What is the human range of hearing?
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20-20,000 hz
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Elephants hearing range compared to ours
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Elephants can hear lower tones than us, as low as 0 hz
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Bats hearing range compared to ours
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Bats can hear higher tones than us
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Dogs hearing range compared to ours
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Dogs can hear up to 40,000 hz, that's 10,00 hz higher than us
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Cats hearing range compared to ours
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Cats can hear higher and lower tones than dogs and us
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Mice hearing range compared to ours
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Mice can hear high tones than all of these species, up to 100,000 hz
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What auditory range are we most sensitive to?
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2,000-4,000 hz- range of conversational speech
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The 3 parts of the outer ear
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Pinnae
Auditory canal Tympanic membrane |
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What is the function of the pinnae?
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The part of the ear than we pierce, helps us funnel sound and localize where sound is coming from
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Where is the auditory canal and what does it do?
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Where I got that popcorn kernel stuck-the canal protects the inner structures of the ear
Has ear wax |
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What is resonance?
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It enhances the intensity of certain frequencies
In humans, the resonant freq is 2,000-5,000 hz |
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What does the tympanic membrane do?
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Transmits audio vibrations to the inner ear
Lower pitch produce a slower vibration Lower amplitude produce less dramatic vibration Higher freq produce faster vibrations |
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What are the parts of the middle ear?
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Ossicles
Oval window Middle ear muscles |
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What are ossicles?
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The 3 smallest bones in the body
Concentrates vibrations from the large tympanic membrane into a smaller area by being hinged to the membrane and creating a lever action in the stapes |
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Why is it important that ossicles amplify sound?
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Because pressure changes in the air of the outer and middle ear transmit poorly to the dense liquid of the inner ear.
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What is the oval window?
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Receives vibrations from the stapes
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What is the purpose of the middle ear muscles?
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To protect the inner ear against potentially painful and damaging stimuli
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What is the cochlea?
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Fluid filled snail like structure that contains the vestibular and tympanic canal
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What is a tonotopic map?
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Different freq of different sounds stimulate different parts of the membrane, transforming the way sound stimulates different areas of the organ of corti
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What are 2 theories on how we hear frequency?
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Bekesy's place theory
Phase locking theory |
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What is Bekesy's place theory?
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The frequency of sound is indicated by the place with the highest firing rate
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How did Bekesy do his research?
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Used cadavers
Made physical models |
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What are the structures of the organ of Corti?
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Basilar membrane-supports organ of corti
Inner and outer hair cells-receptors Tectorial membrane-on top of hair cells |
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Difference between base and apex of the basilar membrane
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Base is skinnier and stiffer than the apex
Apex responds best to low freq Base responds best to high freq |
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If a tree falls in a forest, and no one is around to hear it, would it make a sound-is useful because it highlights that sound can be ____
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Both perceptual and physical stimulus
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If Daria wants a dog whistle that she can't hear, but her dog can, what range should it be in?
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30,000-40,000 hz
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Helen Keller felt that being ____ was worse because _____
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Deaf: it isolated her from people
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What were Bekesy's basic findings of place theory?
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Traveling waves in the basilar membrane
Diff freq have diff peaks and it's the way the peaks hit the tectorial membrane, which stimulate the hair cells, that we distinguish frequency |
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Evidence for place theory
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Guinea pig tonotopic map
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Why was it necessary to update Bekesy's place theory?
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Bekesy based his theory on cadavers and their membranes were different from living people
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What is motile response and how is it related to the organ of Corti?
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Outer haircells change the shape of the basilar membrane as it moves, which gives the membrane more a peak with the organ of Corti
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How is the basilar membrane a frequency analyzer?
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Basilar membrane breaks down the sounds that we're hearing and analyzes the diff freq for us
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What is phase locking?
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Frequency processing theory
Nerve fibers fire in bursts at the peak of the wave Good for up to 4,000 hz |
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What are 3 causes of hearing loss?
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Obstruction
Conductive hearing loss (middle ear bad osicles) Sensorineural (loud noises) |
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What is a cochlear implant?
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Electronic means of artificially processing sounds by directly stimulating the auditory nerve
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Why is it so hard to assess infant perception?
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They can't understand or respond to instructions from the tester
And they cry, sleep and don't pay attention |
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Preferential looking technique?
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Babies are more interested in novel stimuli so they measure what the baby prefers to look at
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VEP
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Visual Evoked Potential
Measure neural response to visual stimulus |
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Difference between preferential looking technique and VEP
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VEP is more precise because it can pick up on the firing of neurons
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Habituation Technique
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Measures how long it takes for an infant to become bored with a stimuli
Infants more likely to look at novel stimuli |
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3 factors that contribute to babies' poor visual acuity
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Focusing issues (weak ciliary muscles)
Developing visual cortex(dev by 3-6 mo) Cones in fovea (shorter&fatter than adults) |
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Smooth tracking and how does it change with age
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Doesn't develop until 7 weeks, and is done developing at 8 mo
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Smooth tracking the same thing as a saccade?
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NO
Saccades are jerky eye movements whereas smooth tracking is smooth tracking of a moving object |
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When do infants experience increased color vision?
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Some as early as 2 weeks
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Borstein et al study
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Habituated 4 mo to 510-nm light(green) then showed them either 480-nm(blue) or 540-nm(greenish). Dishabituated to 480-nm but not 540-nm.
Suggests that 4 mo categorize colors like adults do |
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Binocular disparity
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The difference in the left and right eye sees
Use binocular cues by 3 mo, few months later can use pictorial cue |
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Visual cliff
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Experiment where babies sit on plexiglass and underneath looks like the bottom dropped out
This experiment indicates depth perception |
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Monocular cues (and pictorial cues)
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Accommodation(squinting or widening your eyes
Movement based cues Pictorial cues (sources of depth info from 2-D images) |
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Granrud experiment
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Using 5-7 mos, showed them large&small objects for 10min, then showed, at the same distance, similar objects w/ opposite size
7 mo reached for large object(that used to be small), but 5 mo did not Indicates monocular cues don't develop until 7 mo |
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When do babies develop face perception skills?
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Within minutes after birth, thanks to fusiform face area
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When do babies show a preference for mom's face? What are they paying attention to?
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2 days old-looked at mom's face 63% of the time
The contrast between forehead and hair line |
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Special mechanism for perceiving faces-YES
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Morton&Johnson study-newborns preferred face-like moving stimuli over other moving stimuli
Farah et al-newborn contracted meningitis at 1 day old, developed prosopagnosia |
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Special mechanism for perceiving faces-NO
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Turati study-infants preferred displays with top-heavy elements cause faces tend to be top-heavy
Develop special mechanism later |
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Kellman & Spelke study
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Showed 4 mo a rod with a block moving side to side in front of the rod until baby was habituated. Then showed a full rod or two separated rods. They liked the two rods cause it was unexpected suggesting they have object unity, and movement helped perceive object unity
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Johnson et al Object Unity
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Tested 2 mo and recorded eye movement when looking at the rod/block stimuli
Perceivers focused on the rod, nonperceivers focused on the block Infant perception of object unity depends on development of looking behavior |
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Why is infant color vision poor at birth?
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Their cones in their eyes are not yet fully developed
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As you increase the decibel level from 80 dB to 100 dB, the sound pressure ratio goes from ____ to ____
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BLANK
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Intermodal/cross modal perception
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Coordinating info from multiple senses at once into a perceptual whole
Begins from birth |
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When can newborns smell things?
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28 weeks gestation
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When can babies taste things?
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Can taste sweet, sour and bitter; but can't taste salt until later in life
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DeCasper and Fifer study
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Showed newborns recognize mom's voice
They modified their sucking bursts/pauses to hear mom's voice Put headphones on newborns, their sucking paused longer for mom's voice than a stranger |
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Olsho et al study
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Put baby and mom in room, observer outside watching, baby has headphones, observers watches for changes in baby's face to determine if baby heard the tone
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Jaloe is 4 months old, which depth cue is he most likely able to use?
A. Familiar size B. Shading C. Linear perspective D. Binocular disparity |
B. Shading
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A human tonotopic map shows that a receptor close to the apex will respond to a tone of ___hz.
A. 60 B. 800 C. 7,000 D. 30,00 |
B. 800
(can't hear anything lower than 100 and the apex is more sensitive to low freq) |
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E.S, a woman with parietal and frontal lobe damage, could___
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recognize sounds but have difficulty localizing the sound
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J.G, a man with damage to the temporal lobe, could____
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locate sounds but had trouble recognizing sounds
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