Psy 100 Exam 1

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Psychology Definition

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The scientific study of mental processes and behaviors

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Functionalism

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concentrated on what the mind does and how behavior functions

-asked what role behavior played in allowing people to adapt to their environments

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Structuralism

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focused on uncovering the fundamental components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activities

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Introspection

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when presented with an stimulus, asked to describe in as much detail as possible what they were experiencing

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Gestalt psychology

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emphasizes how perception is organized. Instead of considering individual parts that make up thinking, gestalt psychologists study how individual elements are considered together as a whole.

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psychodynamic perspective

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believes behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control

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neuroscience perspective

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views behavior from the perspective of biological functioning

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cognitive perspective

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examines how people understand and think about the world

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behavioral perspective

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focuses on observable behavior

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Humanistic perspective

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contends that people can control their behavior and that they can naturally try to reach their full potential

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Double-blind experiment

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Where both the participant and the researcher don't know who received the placebo and who received the other variable

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single-blind experiment

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where the participant doesn't know whether or not they received the placebo or not, but the researcher knows.

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random assignment

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when individuals are randomly assigned in an experiment to receive the placebo or be given the actual medication/variable.

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Scientific method

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1. identifying questions of interest

2.formulating an explanation

3.carrying out research to validate or refute the explanation

4. communicate the findings

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Hypothesis

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a prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested.

-stem from theories

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Theory

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broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest

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Operational Definition

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the translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured or observed

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Archival Research

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Existing documents such as census data, etc. is used to form a hypothesis

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Naturalistic Observation

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observes behavior naturally without manipulating anything

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Survey Research

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a sample of people is used to represent the entire population is asked a series of questions about their behaviors, thoughts, or attitudes

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Case study

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in depth, intensive investigation of a single individual or small group

-used to gain understanding or people in general

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correlational research

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two sets of variables are examined to determine whether they are associated or "correlated"

-correlation can range from +1.0 to -1.0

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variables

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behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in some way

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experiment

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the researcher examines the relationship between two or more variables by deliberately changing one variable in a controlled situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of that situation

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experimental manipulation

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the change that the researcher deliberately makes in an experiment

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treatment

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the manipulation implemented by the experimenter, and the other group will receive no treatment or another treatment

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experimental group

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group that receives treatment

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control group

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group that receives no treatment

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independent variable

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variable that is manipulated by the experimenter

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dependent variable

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the variable that is measured in the experiment

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random assignment to condition

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a procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or "conditions" on the basis of chance and chance alone

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significant outcome

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meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypothesis

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replicated research

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research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants to increase confidence in prior findings

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informed consent

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a document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve

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experimental bias

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factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment

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placebo

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a false treatment, such as a pill or drug that does not have any active ingredients