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170 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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How do pathogens cause disease? |
To cause disease they must gain entry to the host. And the journey from pathogens to the host is called "Route of transmission" |
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What are the symptoms of CJD? |
Loss of intellect and memory Change in personality Loss of balance and co-ordination Slurred speech Vision problems and blindness Abnormal jerking movements Progressive loss of brain function and mobility |
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What are prions? |
They are a type of abnormal protein. They are bits of mis-fold protein that have the ability to spread and make other normal proteins mis-fold |
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What disease are prions linked to? |
'Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease’(CJD) |
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What are 2 modes of transmission? |
Direct contact and indirect contact |
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What are the 5 signs of inflammation? |
1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain 5. Loss of function |
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What do prions cause? |
They cause holes to form in the brain, it can get progressively worse and cause brain damage |
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What are the 4 main types of CJD disease? |
1. Sporadic CJD - from prions 2. Variant CJD - from infected cow 3. Familial CJD - genetics 4. Iatrogenic CJD - from medical/surgical equipment |
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What are the 2 main forms of fungi? |
Yeast & mould |
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What shape is lactobacilli? |
Rod shaped with round ends |
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What is post exposure prophylaxis? |
It's an emergency medicine treatment which can reduce a person's chance of getting infected with HIV. |
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What yeast lives harmlessly in the mouth? |
Candida albicans |
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What is the main type of fire equipment? |
Fire extinguisher |
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Depending on changes to yeast and mould environment, what would it be referred to? |
Dimorphic |
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What type of diseases can C/A cause? |
Stomatitis Oral thrush Angular cheilitis |
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Non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES) |
not from a milk/ dairy source e.g. honey, fruit juices, table sugar. This term has now been replaced by “free sugars”. |
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What is oral thrush? And what causes the white spots in the mouth? |
Candida albicans & Yeast |
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Incubation period hepatitis b |
5-22 weeks |
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What is the meaning of microbiology? |
Is when microorganisms are studied and analysed to discover their patterns and effects |
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Where is angular cheilitis found in |
Corners of the lips |
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What does class D fires involve? |
Metals - magnesium - potassium - sodium & lithium - Plutonium - aluminium |
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What is denture sore mouth? |
White patches showing bright red inflamed mucosa. This is caused by badly cared for denture |
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What is P.A.S.S? |
Pull Aim Squeeze Sweep |
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Where can stephylococci be found in? |
In carries |
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What fires can a co2 extinguisher be used for? |
Class B + electrical fires |
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What are the 2 types of herpes, and what causes them? |
Hsv -1 & Hsv -2 Hsv-1 is usually caused by cold sores Hsv-2 can also infect the mouth but it mainly causes genital herpes |
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Define the term disinfection? |
Disinfection is the killing of bacteria and fungai but NOT spores or some viruses |
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What is peginteferon alpha-2a |
Injection that is administered once a week for 48 weeks. To help treat hepatitis B + C |
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What are the high risk groups for HIV? |
- Drug addicts - Sexually promiscuous - Haemophiliacs - Sexual partners of the above groups - Infants born to infected mother's |
D S H S I |
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About eight in 10 people have HSV-1 antibodies, this means that? |
They have the virus |
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What are the 4 different types of CJD? |
Familial Iatrogenic Variant Sporadic |
FIVS |
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What shape is the actinomycetes? |
These are branch shaped |
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What endo instruments are to be used as single use? |
Reamers Endodontic files Barbed broaches Hand piece driven endo instruments |
REBH |
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What are the 5 steps to risk assessment? |
1. Identify the hazard 2. Decide who and how someone can be harmed 3. Evaluate the risk and decide on precaution 4. Record your findings and implement them 5. Review your assessment and update if necessary |
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What is interferon? |
It's a protein that's naturally produced by the body when infected with a virus. |
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Where are anaerobic bacteria mostly present? |
In the matted plaque on the tooth surface . |
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What does AIDS stand for? |
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
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What fires can a wet chemical extinguisher be used for? |
Class A + F fires |
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Where is the primary site of infection for herpes? |
Around the lips and also transported to the nerve endings |
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What do class F fires involve? |
Oils & grease - found in commercial kitchens |
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What does PEP stand for? |
Post exposure prophylaxis treatment |
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What is the main legislation governing clinical waste in the dental practice? |
The environmental protection Act 1990 |
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What's the correct procedure for dealing with uncontaminated sharps injury? |
1. STOP what you're doing immediately 2. RUN under water to CLEAN WOUND 3. COVER with a WATERPROOF dressing 4. REPORT to dentist or H&SO 5. RECORD in accident book |
S,C,R,R,R |
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What's the role of a waste contractor? |
They collect the waste, and they must be registered. |
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Is there a cure for HIV? |
NO |
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What is a risk assessment? |
It's an examination and identification of all the risks in you'r workplace. |
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What's the meaning of pathogens? |
Is when microorganisms are capable of causing diseases |
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What fires can a dry powder extinguisher be used for? |
Class A, B, C + electrical fires |
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What do class A fires involve? |
Materials - wood - paper - plastics - cardboard |
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What does class B fires involve? |
Flammable liquids - kerosene - oils - paraffin patrol - paints - alcohol |
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Name 5 things escape routes should have/do |
1. Kept clear of all obstructions 2. Be atleast 1 meter wide 3. Should be lead directly to a place of saftey 4. Marked by green 'fire exit' sign 5. Doors must be available without use of key and should open manually |
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Where is hepatitis B found in? |
Blood & Bodily fluids |
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What types of medicine is to treat chronic hepatitis b? |
Interferon medicines and anti viral medicine |
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What does A.N.U.G stand for? |
Acute Necrotising Ulcerative Gingivitis |
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Where should you NEVER dispose of hazardous and special waste? |
Local Refuse tip or landfill site |
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What policy should all dental practices have in place and why? |
Infection control policy To reduce the risk of infection |
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Name the 6 different fire extinguishers/ equipment |
1. Co2 2. Dry powder 3. Water 4. Wet chemical 5. Foam 6. Fire blanket |
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Which of the following condition is infectious? Herpes simplex Down syndrome Oral carcinoma |
Herpes simplex |
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What bacteria is round/circular shaped? |
Cocci |
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If failed to dispose of waste correctly who will face prosecution by the environmental health department and the HSE? |
The dentist |
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What fires can a water extinguisher be used for? |
Class A fires |
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How long must consignment notes for hazardous waste be kept for? |
3 years |
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What are the hours that PEP should begin? |
Within 72 hours Preferably 1-2 hours |
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When pathogens attack our body they may cause.... |
Infection Ulcer Cyst Tumor |
I U C T |
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How do you test for HIV? |
By having a blood test (finger prick) |
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What's natural immunity? |
Randomly inherited from 1 person to another |
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What method of sterilisation was a suture and thread used for PRIOR to use? Gamma irradiation Or Autoclave |
Gamma irradiation |
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What diseases are associated with staphylococci? |
Abscesses Wound infections Boils |
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What are the symptoms of asymptomatic HIV? |
- Regular occurrences of skin infections each as warts or fungal infections - Feaver - Weight loss - Night sweats - Persistent diarrhoea - Aids |
W/F F W N P/D A |
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What is asymptomatic HIV? |
It's a phase of HIV/AIDS during which there are no symptoms of HIV infection |
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What are the 5 signs of inflammation? |
1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain 5. Loss of function |
R H S P L |
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What are involved in electrical fires? |
Electrical equipment - fuse boxes - microwaves - computers - wiring |
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What is HTM 01-05, and what does it stand for? |
Health Technical Memorandum 01-05 It can be used as a guidance in relation to Decontamination in the Dental Practice |
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How many seconds of extinguish power does a regular fire extinguisher hold? |
10 seconds |
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What are the primary HIV symptoms? |
- Fever - Swollen glands - Rash on the body - Painful muscles or joints - Headache |
F S/G R P H (Like flue symptoms) |
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What is streptococci responsible for initiating? |
Dental caries |
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What are the 10 vaccinations required for dental nurses? |
1. Diphtheria 6. Tuberculosis 2. Pertussis (Whooping cough) 7. Hepatitis B 3. Poliomyelitis. 8. Chicken pox 4. MMR. 9. Meningitis 5. Influenza 10. Tetanus + swine flu
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D P P M I + S C H T M T
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How long does the symptoms for primary HIV infection last for? |
1 week to a month |
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What fires can a foam extinguisher be used for? |
Class A + B fires |
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7 Symptoms of CJD Disease? |
1. Progressive loss of brain function & mobility 2. Abnormal jerking movements 3. Loss of intellectual & memory 4. Loss of balance and co-ordination 5. Slurred speech 6. Change in personality 7. Vision problems and blindness |
P A L L S C V |
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What is the method used to reduce the level of microorganisms present, but not necessarily viruses/spores? |
Disinfection |
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What do you call an abnormal sac of fluid? |
Cyst |
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Dental nurses should be vaccinated against.. Hep b Tetanus Polio All of the above |
All of the above |
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Cross infection of CJD from one patient to another is possible via sterile dental instruments. Why is this? |
Because prions are not affected by decontamination/sterilisation procedures |
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How long may it take for HIV to show up in your blood? |
3 months |
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Contemporaneous records should be completed at the .... |
Time of procedure |
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What are prions? |
They are a type of abnormal protein |
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The process of cleaning should be undertaken using... |
Automated and validated methods |
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Under the RIDDOR, if an injury is sustained while in the workplace, how long can the casualty be off work for before the accident has to be reported to the HSE? |
7 working days |
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A pair of extraction forceps is best sterilised by .... Removing debris rinsed then autoclave Soaking in hypochlorite, then running under the tap Autoclaving Passing through a baked flame |
Removing debris rinsed then autoclave |
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What are the 3 levels of hand hygiene? |
Social - to be physically clean from socially acquired micro-organisms, using liquid soap.
Hygienic- to destroy micro-organisms maintain cleanliness, avoid direct cross infection, using approved antibacterial hand cleanser.
Surgical - to significantly reduce the numbers of micro-organisms normally resident on the hands before an invasive surgical procedure is carried out, using an approved antibacterial hand cleanser. |
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What is CJD disease? An immune disorder A bacterial infection A respiratory virus A neurodegenerative disease |
A neurodegenerative disease |
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Disinfectants that kill bacteria are.... Bactericidal Sterilisers Viricidal Bacteriostatic |
Bactericidal |
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Which type of microorganisms is a type of spirochaetes? Borelli vincenti Fungi and bacteria Viruses Candida albicans |
Borelli vincenti |
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What does class C fires involve? |
Gases - methane - natural gas - propane - acetylene |
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How much parts per million in hypochlorite should be used for blood and body fluid spillages? |
1000ppm |
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What method of sterilisation was a self aspirating syringe used for PRIOR to use? Gamma irradiation Or Autoclave |
Autoclave |
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The destruction/killing of all micro organisms including spores is called? |
Disinfection |
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Acyclovir is a drug used in the management of.. Dental caries Oral carcinoma Herpes Apthous ulcer |
Herpes Simplex type 1 |
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Disinfection will kill bacteria and fungi but not all?.... |
Viruses and spores |
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What is oral carcinoma? |
Oral cancer/ mouth cancer. When a tumour develops in a part of the mouth.It showes on the: •surface of the tongue, •the inside of the cheeks, •the roof of the mouth (palate), •the lips or gums. |
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Agents that prevent the growth of bacteria is called? |
Bacteriostatic |
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What does RIDDOR stand for? |
The Reporting of Injuries diseases dangerous occurrences regulations |
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The Health and safety act 1974 had regulations which apply to.... Employer Employer and employees Employer, employees and the visitors The employer and visitors |
Employer, employees and the visitors |
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What's another word for bad breath? |
halitosis |
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What is herpetic stomatitis? |
It's an infection caused by a virus (herpes simplex virus) |
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Lactobacillus are bacteria associated with? |
Dental caries |
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What is passive immunity? |
Babies inherit pathogenic microorganisms from the mother |
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Actinomyces & borrelia vincenti are bacteria responsible for? |
Periodontal infections |
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Disinfectants and antibiotics that kill/destroy bacteria are known as?... |
Bactericidal agents |
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What is HTM 01-06? |
Decontamination of flexible endoscopes |
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Which guideline documents relates to disposable of contaminated waste ? HTM 01-05 HTM 07-01 HTM 01-04 HTM 01-06 |
HTM 07-01 |
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What does COSHH stand for? |
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health |
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What requires a risk assessment of all hazardous chemicals in the workplace? |
COSHH |
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What's the best method to serilize LA cartridges during manufacturing? |
Gamma rays/ irradiation |
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What method of sterilisation was local anaesthetic cartridges used for PRIOR to use?Gamma irradiationOrAutoclave |
Gamma irradiation |
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When someone recieves a vaccination what does their body produce to give them immunity? Antidote Anticoagulant Antiseptic Antibody Antigen |
Antibody |
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What method of sterilisation was gutta percha used for PRIOR to use?Gamma irradiationOrAutoclave |
Gamma irradiation |
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What is gluteraldyde? Toxic liquid Non toxic gas Toxic liquid Non toxic liquid |
Toxic liquid - is a disinfectant, medication, preservative, and fixative |
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What should the handpiece be checked for? Bearings Motors Filters Lubrication |
Lubrication |
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The transfer of infection from 1 person to another is called?... |
Cross infection |
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What method of sterilisation was a briault probe used for PRIOR to use? Gamma irradiation Or Autoclave |
Autoclave |
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What method of sterilisation was an amalgam carrier used for PRIOR to use? Gamma irradiation Or Autoclave |
Autoclave |
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The absence of all living pathogenic microorganisms is called? |
Asepsis |
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Out of the following types of hand cleansers, which is the one that is recommended for use in the surgery? Alcohol wipes Soap bar Antimicrobial liquid soap |
Antimicrobial liquid soap |
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What method of sterilisation was a scalpel used for PRIOR to use? Gamma irradiation Or Autoclave |
Gamma irradiation |
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What is HTM 01-04 |
Decontamination of linen for health and social care |
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What is the only antiviral medication used in dentistry? |
Acyclovir |
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A person who has no symptoms of a disease but who can pass it on to another person is called Transporter Carrier Donor |
Carrier |
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Xerostomia? |
Dry mouth resulting from reduced or absent saliva flow. |
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Herpes is characterized by White fury coating on the tongue Ulcerations at the angle of the mouth Gingival swelling Vesicles on the lips |
Vesicles on the lips
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Candida albicans is a?... |
Fungal infection causing oral thrush |
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What method of sterilisation was forceps used for PRIOR to use? Gamma irradiation Or Autoclave |
Autoclave |
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Herpetic whitlow, or whitlow finger, is a??? |
Abscess of the end of the finger caused by infection with the herpes simplex virus. |
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Antiretroviral therapy, combination therapy or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is what? |
A medicine which will prevent HIV from reproducing in the blood |
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The main way of tackling viruses is via vaccinations to prevent them. What is this called? |
Acquired immunity |
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What needs sterilisation or the use of special viricidal chemicals to kill it? |
Viruses |
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What's the average risk of transmission for Hepatitis B Virus? |
33.3% or 1 in 3 |
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What's the average risk of transmission for Hepatitis C virus? |
3.3% or 1 in 30 |
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What's the average risk of transmission for Human Immunodeficiency Virus ? |
0.31% or 1 in 319 |
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Out of these 5 which is the last to occur? Heat Swelling Pain Loss of function Redness |
Loss of function |
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Which microgoransim is likely to have caused A.N.U.G? -Borrelia Vincentii -Streptococcus mutants -Lactobacilli -Porphyromonas gingivalis -Treponema denticola |
Borrelia Vincentii |
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Where can Porphyromonas gingivalis be found in? |
chronic adult periodontitis |
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What type of bacteria causes these symptoms? Painful, swollen, bleeding gums; small, painful ulcers covering the gums and tooth margins; |
Borrelia Vincentii & Bacillus fusiformis |
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What are the diseases caused by the bacteria staphylococci? |
Skin boils Gingival boils |
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What are the diseases caused by the bacteria streptococci? |
Sore throat Tooth decay |
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What are the diseases caused by the bacteria streptococcus mutants? |
Initiates tooth decay |
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What are the diseases caused by the bacteria lactobacilli? |
Tooth decay |
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What are the diseases caused by the bacteria bacillius fusiformis? |
A.N.U.G |
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What are the diseases caused by the bacteria Borrelia Vincentii? |
A.N.U.G |
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What are the diseases caused by the bacteria streptococcus viridians? |
Infective endocarditis |
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What is commensal Bacteria? |
A good bacteria in our body (gut and digestive system) |
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What are some examples of aerobic bacteria? |
Streptococcus mutants Staphylococci Bacillius fusiformis/ Borrelia Vincenti |
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What are the 3 lines of natural defense against infection? |
Intact skin and mucous membrane Inflammatory response Immune response |
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What does tuberculosis affect? |
The lungs |
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What does salmonella cause? |
Food poisoning |
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What does whooping cough affect? |
Lungs |
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What does meningitis affect? |
Brain & Spinal cord |
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What does scarlet fever affect? |
Throat and rash over the body |
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What's cholera? |
Infection of the small intestines |
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What vaccinations are given through childhood? |
Diphtheria Poliomyelitis Tetanus (lockjaw) |
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What vaccinations are given during infancy? |
Pertussis (whooping cough) MMR (measles mumps and rubella) |
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What's the correct order for washer disinfector? |
Flush Wash Rinse Disinfectant Dry |
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What is diphtheria? |
Serious infection caused by strains of bacteria that make toxin (poison) |
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What is tetanus? |
Tetanus is a serious disease caused by a bacterial toxin that affects your nervous system, leading to painful muscle contractions, particularly of your jaw and neck muscles. |
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Transmission of MMR? |
lives in the nose and throat mucus of an infected person. |
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What's glandular fever transmitted by? |
Saliva |
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Transmission of meningitis? |
Coughing sneezing, saliva |
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Rubella causes? |
Spotty rash |
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Mumps cause? |
Swelling of salivary glands |
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